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rabbits Flashcards

1
Q

venipunctures sites

A

central ear artery

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2
Q

IM injections

A

22 or 23 g 1 inch needle
lumbar epaxial muscles, gluteals or lateral thighs
quadriceps or caudal thigh but avoid the sciatic
rotate sites
adequate restraint
0.5 mL in an adult rabbit

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3
Q

Urine collection

A

21 G butterfly catheter with 12-60 cc syringe

can usually palpate in dorsal recumbency in lap

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4
Q

GI anatomy

A

monogastric hindgut fermenting herbivores
non-ruminanat herbivores
large stomach and well developed cecum
cecotrophy is necessary to achieve efficient food conversion and protein absorption

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5
Q

why can’t rabbits vomit

A

well developed cardiac sphincter

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6
Q

primary microflora

A

gram + bacillus and bacteriodes

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7
Q

what is the main volatile fatty acid produced

A

acetic acid with cecal fermentation

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8
Q

Sacculus rotundus

A

cecal tonsil: distal end of ileum has spherical thick walled enlargement

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9
Q

cecum

A

40% of GI contents, 10 x capacity of stomach

thin-walled coiled ends in blind - ended tube, vermiform appendix

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10
Q

vermiform appendix

A

secretes bicarb to buffer cecal acids and water to form cecal paste

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11
Q

normal flora

A

bacillus, bacteriodes

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12
Q

colon

A

separated by taenia and hausfrau

warzen: warts that increase surface are

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13
Q

fusus coli

A

third section of colon that has prominent longitudinal folds and goblet cells

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14
Q

Diet

A

High fiber,

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15
Q

cecotrophs

A

formed in proximal colon and cecum
contain microorganisms, amino acids, VFA’s and bits
gelatinous coating protects from stomach acids so protein and vitamin absorption can occur in small intestine
bacteria produce amylase that convert glucose to carbon dioxide and lactic acid

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16
Q

Low fiber diets

A

increase cecal retention time: hypo motility of entire gut and reduces cecotrophs

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17
Q

high protein diet

A

decrease cecotroph consumption

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18
Q

high carb diets

A

excessive clostridium and ecoli adn excessive VFA fermentation
causes gas and toxins that disrupt motility and nutrient production and absorption

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19
Q

gut stasis

A

inappetance or anorexia and normal or reduced water intake
fecal output slows and eventually stops
rectal temp will drop in endotoxic rabbits (<99)
rads: contrast series, iodinated contrast better than barium
initial tx: motility enhancers if no impaction, probiotics, vit B for appetite stimulation, oxbow critical care if not eating, simethicone for gas, antibiotics if diarrhea

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20
Q

True diarrhea

A 
always an emergency
avoid mycins (macrolide)
avoid beta-lactams (cefas)
injectable penicillin (NO ORAL)
balanced microbial spectrum
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21
Q

uneaten cecals

A

normal hard stools are being produced
smelly and stick to perineum
obesity, pain/arthritis, high protein or low fiber diet, neuro disease, dental decease are predisposing factors
Tx: clip and clean, diaper rash, ointment, correct diet weightless, NSAIDS

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22
Q

congenital incisor malocclusion

A

most common

can be a result of cheek teeth

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23
Q

dental abscesses

A 
dx:  palpation, oral exam, rads
thick caseous pus
require aggressive surgical debridement
ancillary tx:  packing/ antibiotic beads, remember anaerobes
long term therapy
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24
Q

Pasteurella: snuffles

A

most common, usually in adults
responsive to chloramphenicol, novabiocin, oxytetracycline, penicillin G, fluroquinolones, TMS
transmission is direct contact, airborne spread, fomites, venereal if genital infection

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25
Pasteurella: snuffles Clinical signs
URD: rhinitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, dacryocystitis otitis, pleuropneumonia, bacteremia, abscesses of skin, organs, bones, joints, genitalia serious nasal discharge forepaws matted and yellow-gray tearing, scalding of face, alopecia, pyoderma torticolus, nystagums, ataxia, scratching ears if inner ear affected anorexia, weight loss, depression, dyspneaupon exertion
26
Dx: snuffles
deep nasal culture
27
Tx: snuffles
long term antibiotics, correct environment, anti-histamines, flush, nasolacrimal ducts, treat eyes
28
bordatella bronchiseptica
co pathogen with pasteurella non- pathogenic inhabitant of rabbit respiratory tract adheres to ciliate dmucosa and induces ciliostasis, reduced macroophage adherence and phagocytosis
29
staphylococcis aureus and albus
increase inflammation of already compromised mucosa toxins lethal for neutrophils and protein A that binds to IgG fibrinous penumonia, otitis media, abscesses in lungs/ heart Tx: fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol
30
moraxella catarrhalis
opportunistic or normal flora | rhinitis or conjunctivitis
31
mycobacterium
pneumonia in rabbits
32
pseudomonas aeruginosa
abscesses similar to pasteurella and septicemia
33
franciella paratuberculosis and franciella tularensis
pseudotuberculosis and tuleremia | bacteremia, multiorgan fibronopurulent dz, pneumonia, zoonotic
34
chlmydophilis
lungs
35
adenocarcinomas of nasal turbiniates
cavitation of turbinates and progresses rapidly
36
copus urine production
due to less able to concentrate
37
Thymomas
``` young/ old rabbits tachypnea and moderate dyspnea cyanosis on exertion, respiratory rales bilateral exophthalmos due to interference of vascuar return to the heart surgery or chemo ```
38
pH of urine
7.6-8.8 with traces of protein and glucose and lots of triple phosphate and calcium carbonate crystals cream color due to calcium excretion red/ yellow due to plant pigments (porphyrins)
39
what pigments cause yellow to brown to brithg red color of urine
beta-carotene in diet
40
what gives urine a cloudy appearance
excretion of calcium through the kidneys
41
what is unique about their uterus
duplex uterus with 2 cervices and convoluted long oviducts uterus and ovarian pedicle are more friable than in cat/ dog early spay recommended
42
uterine adenocarcinoma
30-80% of intact rabbits over 3 most common cancer in rabbits prevention: OHE prior to 6 months Tx: OHE, it is slowly metastasizing so may cure
43
most common area of mets from uterine adenocarcinoma
lungs
44
urinary tract sludge
``` associated with severe crystalluria often in sedentary rabbits accumulation of thick sludge in bladder painful, dysuria change in urinary habits ```
45
urinary tract calculi
large amounts of ca carbonate (sludge) calciuria with anorexia, dysuria, stranguria, hunched posture, perineal staining with ca carbonate precipitate, reluctance to move Dx: rads/ us tx: sq fluid diuresis, flush bladder until urine is clear or cystotomy with culture and stone analysis increase fluid consumption to prevent, decrease dietary Ca (avoid alfalfa hay)
46
tx of caliuria
resolves with medical tx
47
tx of uroliths
surgical
48
Rabbit spirochetosis "syphilis"
vent disease treponema cuniculi, venereal transmission from mom to kid young rabbits by scabs on nose and vent dx: biopsy, PCR, response to tx tx: long acting penicillin: procaine + benzathine, pen G or combo pen give 2 SQ doses 4 days apart
49
pregnancy toxemia
CS: weakness, depression, incoordination, obese, acetone odor to breath, housed with male, splay -leg, anorexia Dx: hx, UA shows ketonuria, proteinuria, acid pH DDX: metabolic and dystocia Tx: IV or IO fluids, injectable antibiotics, assisted feedings, C-sec don't allow breeding to become obese and watch for anorexia
50
rabbit neuter
cranial end of scrotum and through fibrous tunic exteriorize testes, epididymus, and ductus deferens, double ligate and remove close inguinal ring and do intradermal closure with skin glue
51
trichophyton and microsporum canis
head, shoulders, legs Dx: skin scrape, fungal culture tx: lime sulfur, iodine, griseofulvin
52
Cuterebra larvae
breathing hole and often hair is matted around it | tx: surgical removal, do not crush larva cause can lead to anaphylaxis
53
Myiasis
obesity, dermatitis, unsanitary conditions are pre disposals wound debridement and maggot removal ivermectin to kill maggots, antibiotics, analgesics are necessary
54
ctenocephalides: fleas
found along dorsum and pelvis between shoulders tx: advantage, leufenuron NO FRONT LINE causes liver impairment
55
cheyletiella: walking dandruff
mild pruritis, large flakes on limbs and neck, alopecia, oily dermatitis Dx: skin scrape, scotch tape test Tx: ivermectin, lime sulfur ZOONOTIC
56
psoroptes cuiculi
otitis externa, crusty exudate, discharge, pruritis, head shaking, scratching dx: pE, microscopic, otoscopic direct transmission tx: ivermectin, selemectin, anti-inflmatories
57
sarcoptes scabiei
crusty, pruritic dermatitis of the face, nose, lips, external genitalia Dx: deep skin scrape Tx: ivermectin, lyme sulfur ZOONOTIC
58
pododermatitis
sore hocks avascular necrosis of plantar surface of rear feet obesity, lack of exercise, housing (wire, metal grate, concrete, carpet), breed (rex) tx: relieve pressure on affected area, non-abrasive, dry surface such as rubber, towels, newspaper, antibiotics, analgesics
59
abscesses
common and frustrating thick caseous material anywhere and systemic antibiotics alone are not typical honey can be anti-bacterial and encourage grooming for self-debridement culture and sensitivity
60
ehlers-danlos syndrome
collagen synthesis disorder
61
otitis media/ interna
pasteurella rads enrofloxacin systemic and topical (baytril/ gentamycin) or chloramphenicol flush ears with saline under ax
62
encephalitazoonosis
``` E. cuniculi stressed immune compromised animals spores shed in urine of infected rodents or rabbits are ingested/ inhaled acute stage: liver lung kidney chronic: brain, kidney, heart uveitis, abortion, neonatal deaths asymptomatic is common ```
63
encephalitazoonsis Dx and Tx
Dx: neuro plus increased serum Ab titres, spores in affected tissues multifocal necrosis and granulomas tx: oxbendazole, dexamethazone, chloramphenicol
64
cerebral larval migrans
``` baylisacaris procyonis or columnaris from raccoon feces fecal/ oral trans larva migrate to CNS causing encephalomalacia head tilt, ataxia, vertical nystagmus Tx: oxibendazole, often euthanasia restrict access to raccoons or skunks ```
65
Most common trauma
lumbar/ sacral fracture | tx: cage rest, prednisone, bladder expression, NSAIDS, spinal surgery
66
splay leg
young rabbits and inheritable inability to adduct one or more limbs, difficulty in ambulation tx: amputation if only 1 limb affected or euthanasia
67
rabbit thymoma
tachypnea, dyspnea, bilateral exophthalmos | tx: thymectomy
68
Tuleremia
``` francisella highly virulent for humans arthropod vectors fever, lethargy, anorexia, septicemia, death REPORTABLE ```
69
milky way appearance
white necrotic foci in liver affected by tuleremia
70
myxomatosis
myxoma from pox family arthropods lethargy, fever, anorexia, skin hemorrhages benign tumor at site of entry: ear base Dx: CS, his to of infected tissue and viral isolation REPORTABLE in some states

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