What type of reflex is ejaculation a part of
Parasympathetic Reflex
What happens to arterioles and the smooth muscle and why does that happen
Arterioles Dilate
Smooth muscles relax
Due to release of nitric oxide
The penis is now engorged with blood and the expansion compresses veins making blood leave slower
How is the reflex stimulated
Via sensory stimuli
Spinal reflex is initiated due to sympathetic discharge to the genital organs
Reproductive ducts will contract prismatically
What muscle induces contractions to propel semen?
Bulbocavernous Muscle
What does Viagra do ?
- Viagra inhibits PDE5 which will decrease cGMP breakdown
- This causes a prolonged arteriolar dilation hence a prolonged erection
What degrades cGMP
Phosphodiesterase 5
What makes up the seminal fluid ( 2 )
Seminal plasma and cells
What makes up the seminal plasma ( 3 )
Prostatic Fluid ( 30 % ) Epididymal Fluid ( 5 % ) Seminal Vesicle Fluid ( 65 % )
What cells are part of the seminal fluid
Spermatozoa
Leucocytes
Volume of Sperm during ejaculation
2 - 6 ml
pH of the sperm
7.2 - 8.0
- Count
- Total Count
- Morphology
- Viability
- WBC
- > 20 mil
- > 40 mil
- > 30% normal form
- > 75 %
- < 1 mill / ml
What is used as a marker for seminal vesicle function
Fructose
What does prostaglandin help with in terms of sperm ?
Helps with sperm motility
What is used as a marker for epididymal function
Alpha - Glucosidase
- What is the biomarker for prostate cancer
- What produces it ?
- Prostatic Specific Antigen
- The epithelial cells of the prostate produces it
- What is the marker used for prostate function
- What is the marker used for prostatic function
- Zinc
- Acid Phosphatase
What glycoprotein is incorporated into the sperm membrane
CD52
What are the prostatic secretions ( 6 )
- Calcium
- Zinc
- Citric Acid ( which is usually v hi concentration but low when have prostate cancer )
- Acid Phosphatase
- Prostatic Specific Antigen
- Albumin
How does the sperm cell membrane change during capacitation
Alterations in Surface Glycoprotein
Removal of cholesterol to increase fluidity of membrane
Loss of glycoprotein which exposes Egg Binding Protein
Fluctuation of Calcium ( to activate cAMP then phosphorylate protein )
How is the Egg Binding Protein Exposed
- HCO3- influx into the sperm cell membrane
- AMP is activated which leads to cholesterol efflux
- Causes Ca2+ influx
- Activates cAMP
- Activation of protein tyrosine kinase
- Leads to phosphorylation of protein
- Exposure occurs
How does Capacitation affect the sperm
- Increase in metabolism
- Increased rate of beating in flagellum
- Acrosomal enzymes are activated ( Pro - Acrosome changes to acrosin )
What increases uterine contractility to help in sperm transport ( 3 )
- Ovarian Steroids ( hi oestrogen in follicular phase makes cervical mucus thin and alkaline )
- Prostaglandins from the Seminal Fluid
- Oxytocin
Journey of sperm
1) 2.5 x 10^8 will be deposited in the vagina
2) Only 100,000 will reach uterine cavity
3) < 50 reaches the distal end of the fallopian tube
4) Fertilisation occurs at the ampullary isthmic junction resulting in a delay ( Day 1 - 2 )
5) Another delay at the Utero - tubal junction ( D2 - D3 )
6) Egg enters uterine cavity as morula ( D3 - D4 )
7) Implantation of Blastocyst at Day 7
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Pharma Drugs51
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Male Reproductive Hormones6
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Female Reproductive System20
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Fertilisation38
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Drug Induced Renal Failure24
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Drug Induced Toxicity17
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The Diencephalon ( Dara Cannon )45
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Basal Ganglia ( Dara Cannon )24
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Limbic System ( Dara Cannon )19
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Asc and Desc Tracts31
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Brainstem26
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Cerebellum ( McMahon )33
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CNS Embryology37
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Visual Pathway ( McMahon )32
