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3RD yr- CCD1- Embryology > Fertilisation - week 2 > Flashcards

Fertilisation - week 2 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What does ventral describe when we are studying embryology

A

Towards the front

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2
Q

What does dorsal describe when we are studying embryology

A

Towards the back

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3
Q

What foes cranial describe when studying embryology

A

Moving towards the head end

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4
Q

What does caudal describe when studying embryology

A

Moving towards the tail end

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5
Q

What does a transverse section describe

A

A section cut through the waist of the embryo

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6
Q

What does a transverse section describe

A

A section cut through the middle of the embryo leaving a right and left side

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7
Q

How can we date pregnancies

A
  1. Menstrual age (clinicians)

2. Fertilisation age (embryologists)

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8
Q

How do we date pregnancies using menstrual age

A

Dates pregnancies from the woman’s last menstrual period: 3 equal trimesters

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9
Q

How do embryologists date pregnancies

A

By using fertilisation age

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10
Q

How does fertilisation age date pregnancies

A
  1. Early development period
  2. Embryonic period
  3. Foetal period
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11
Q

How long is the early development period

A

3 weeks

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12
Q

What does the early development stage describe

A

Cell division and pre embryonic stage

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13
Q

What is another term for the embryonic period

A

Organogeneisis

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14
Q

How long is the embryonic period

A

3-8 weeks following fertilisation

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15
Q

What does the foetal period describe

A

The stage where maturation of all organs on the body system occur

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16
Q

What can human birth defects be split into

A
  1. Genetic

2. Environmental

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17
Q

What are genetic birth defects usually caused by

A

Meiosis or mitosis

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18
Q

What are environmental birth defects usually caused by

A

Teratogens

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19
Q

How do we describe genetic causes for birth defects

A
  1. Monogenic

2. Chromosomal: Numerical and structural

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20
Q

What does monogenic mean

A

Defective gene on the autosome

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21
Q

Give an example of a genetic birth defect

A

Trisomy 21: downs syndrome

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22
Q

How can someone develop a birth defect due to environmental causes

A
  1. Infectious teratogens
  2. Chemical teratogens
  3. Physical teratogens
  4. Material diseases
  5. Deficiencies
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23
Q

Give examples of some CHEMICAL teratogens

Study These Flashcards
A

Thalidimide

Alcohol

24
Q

Give examples of physical teratogens

25
When are embryos most susceptible to teratogens
Week 3-8 | The embryonic phase
26
What can happen if an embryo is exposed to teratogens in the first 3 weeks of development?
It will become inviable
27
Which body system is susceptible to teratogens for the longest period of time?
The central nervous system
28
When are the teeth most susceptible to teratogens
Week 6-8
29
What are infectious teratogens
Diseases that can cross the placenta and may cause birth defects
30
Give examples of some infectious teratogens
1. Taxoplasmosis 2. Other (Hep B, syphilus) 3. Rubella 4. Cytomegalovirus 5. Herpes (TORCH)
31
Name a more recent virus that can cross of the placenta and cause birth defects
The Zika virus
32
How does the zika virus spread
Mosquitos | Body fluids
33
What congenital malformations can occur to a baby who was exposed to the Zika virus during the embryonic stage
Microcephaly | Severe congenital disabilities
34
How can radiation cause brith defects
Causes cell death or chromosome changes
35
Which body system is most sensitive to radiation
Central nervous system
36
What congenital malformations can occur to a baby who was exposed to radiation during the embryonic stage
1. Microcephaly 2. Mental and cognitive disability 3. Haemopoietic malignancies and leukaemia
37
Where does fertilisation take place
At the ampulla of the uterine tube
38
How does the egg move from the gamete to the uterine tube
Fimbriae sweep the egg
39
What is another term for the egg
oocyte
40
What prices is the sperm undergoing while it travels though the uterine tract
Capacitation
41
Which part of the uterine tube is fertilisation most likely to occur at ?
The ampulla
42
What is fertilisation
Fusion of male and female gametes to form zygotes
43
List the 4 stages for fertilisation to occur
1. Capacitation of sperm 2. Acrosome reaction 3. Formation of zygote 4. Fusion of pronuclei
44
Talk through the acrsome reaction
1. Capacitated sperm pass through Corona radiate 2. Acrosome releases enzymes that allow sperm to penetrate zone pellicuida 3. Sperm penetration initiated cortical reaction 4. Zona pelliucida becomes impenetrable to other sperm
45
Once fertilisation has occurred what do we call the egg and sperm?
The zygote
46
What happens to the zygote one it has formed
It rapidly multiplies
47
What is a morula
An embryo formed of 16-32 cells
48
Describe the structure of a morula
Has inner cell mass (embryo proper) and outer cell mass (forms placenta)
49
What are the cells in the outer cell mass called
Trophoblasts
50
What do trophoblasts go on to form
The placenta
51
What are the cells in the inner cell mass called
Embryoblasts
52
What do the Embryoblasts go on to form
The embryo proper
53
What forms after the morula
The blastocyst
54
What is a blastocyst
A fluid filled cavity
55
What does the blastocyst do around days 5 and 6
It hatches from the zone pellicuida to go and implant on the uterine lining
56
Once the blastocyst has attached to the uterine lining what happens to the trophoblasts
They differentiate into syncytiotrophoblasts and cytrotrophoblasts
57
Once the blastocyst has attached to the uterine lining what happens to the embryoblast
They differentiate into hypoblasts and epiblasts

3RD yr- CCD1- Embryology (5 decks)

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