Fetal Head and Neck

Question 1

What is the critical period of brain development?

Answer 1

3-16 weeks

Question 2

Impacts on Brain Development (3)?

Answer 2

1. Folic Acid Deficiency
2. Toxoplasmosis
3. Radiation

Question 3

Microcephaly is AKA?

Answer 3

Zika Virus

Question 4

What is macrocephaly most commonly caused by?

Answer 4

Hydrocephalus

Question 5

How many measurements are taken of the MCA velocity? What measurement is used?

Answer 5

Three are taken and the highest velocity is used

Question 6

Between how many weeks does the cerebellum have a 1:1 ratio with GA?

Answer 6

16-24 weeks

Question 7

When do the fetal eyes migrate to their midline position?

Answer 7

End of first trimester

Question 8

What is hypotelorism most commonly associated with?

Answer 8

Holoprosencephaly

Question 9

What can IOD and OOD measure?

Answer 9

Hypo and hypertelorism

Question 10

What two abnormalities are associated with macroglossia?

Answer 10

BWS and Trisomy 21

Question 11

Fetuses with micrognathia are at risk of what kind of distress?

Answer 11

Respiratory

Question 12

T or F? Cleft lip is more commonly seen in females

Answer 12

FALSE: more common in males

Question 13

CL and CP are usually seen as part of what abnormality?

Answer 13

Trisomy

Question 14

What anomaly is most likely seen in an isolated CL or CP?

Answer 14

Clubfoot - isolated is more common in females

Question 15

What anomaly is likely seen in combination of CL and CP?

Answer 15

Polydactyly - combination is more common in males

Question 16

What is meroencephaly also known as?

Answer 16

Anencephaly

Question 17

What is the most common neural tube defect?

Answer 17

Anencephaly/ Meroencephaly

Question 18

T or F? Anencephaly is predominantly female

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Anencephaly should not be diagnosed prior to how many weeks?

Answer 19

12

Question 20

What abnormality has a frog like appearance and a high degree of fetal activity?

Answer 20

Acrania

Question 21

What abnormality is due to brain destruction and replacement of normal tissue with fluid?

Answer 21

Hyrdanencephaly

Question 22

What are the causes of third trimester brain destruction? (4)

Answer 22

1. CMV
2. Toxoplasmosis
3. Herpes simples
4. CO exposure

Question 23

What is known as complete or near complete absence of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 23

Hydranencephaly

Question 24

Incomplete cleavage and rotation of the embryonic what characterizes holoprosencephaly?

Answer 24

Forebrain

Question 25

What are the three types of holoprosencephaly and what is the worst?

Answer 25

1. Alobar - worst 2. Semilobar 3. Lobar

Question 26

What does the corpus callosum connect?

Answer 26

Cerebral hemispheres

Question 27

What is the term for a teardop shape of the lateral ventricles and what abnormality is seen?

Answer 27

Colpocephaly. Agenesis of the corpus callosum

Question 28

What Dandy Walker abnormality is the most severe and least severe?

Answer 28

Dandy Walker Malformation - worst Dandy Walker Variant Mega cisterna magna - usually a good prognosis

Question 29

Hydrocephalus is most frequently associated with what abnormality?

Answer 29

Spina bifida

Question 30

Dangling choroid plexus is seen in what abnormality?

Answer 30

Ventriculomegaly

Question 31

When do CPC usually resolve?

Answer 31

By end of the second trimester

Question 32

Nuchal fold is measured at what level in the brain? (hint: 3 landmarks)

Answer 32

1. Vermis 2. CSP 3. Thalamus

Question 33

What is the NF predominantly a marker for?

Answer 33

Trisomy 21

Question 34

What abnormality occurs when the lymphatic system fails to drain?

Answer 34

Cystic hygroma

Question 35

Cystic hygroma is the predominant finding in what abnormality?

Answer 35

Turner Syndrome/ Monosomy X

Question 36

What is the purpose of CP?

Answer 36

Produces and reabsorbs CSF

Question 37

In what plane can orbits be measured to assess hypotelorism and hypertelorism? A) Coronal B) Axial C) TRV D) SAG

Answer 37

B - axial

Question 38

In what part of the lateral ventricle do CP cysts develop?

Answer 38

Atria

Question 39

What is the most common craniofacial anomaly?

Answer 39

Facial clefts

Question 40

What is porencephaly?

Answer 40

Fluid filled areas or cysts within the brain

Question 41

What is lissencephaly?

Answer 41

"Smooth brain" - lack of folds within the cerebral cortex