Fhssodbgs

Question 0

PSDLH?

Answer 0

Pain suffering distress lasting harm

Question 1

Two types of animal research

Answer 1

Fundamental/basic

Applied

Question 2

Define sentience

Answer 2

Having conscious and subjective experiences.

Question 3

How do we assume animals have feelings

Answer 3

Sensations and emotions
Social, empathic, altruistic
Memory, communication, culture

Question 4

Five freedoms

Answer 4

From hunger and thirst
From pain, injury and disease
From fear/distress
From discomfort
To express normal behavior

Question 5

3Rs

Answer 5

Replacement - non animal models, cell culture
Reduction - fewer animals (study design, sexes, publish neg results, stats)
Refinement - limit suffering (analgesia, blood volumes, humane end points, monitoring) husbandry, environmental enrichment

Question 6

UCT animal ethics committees

Answer 6

SenateAEC - develop policy, senate inspecting vet audits

FHS AEC - scientific and ethical review, 3Rs, investigate non compliance

Question 7

What standards and legislation do we have in SA

Answer 7

SANS
Animal protection act
Veterinary and para veterinary professions act
Medicines and related substances act

SPCA act, animal health act, occupational health and safety act.

Question 8

Maximal blood sampling volumes

Answer 8

No more than 10% TBV on a day
No more than 15% in four weeks

Ave rodent = 60-70ml/kg

Question 9

Name possible end points

Answer 9

Experimental endpoint
Error endpoint
Humane endpoint

Question 10

Define humane endpoint

Answer 10

Pre defined endpoint (in AEC application)
Animal must be euthanasia immediately.
Specific signs to look for…

Question 11

Routes of administration

Answer 11

Enteral
Intracutaneous
Subcutaneous 
Intramuscular
Intraperitoneal
Intravenous 
On skin/mucous membranes

Question 12

Frequency of animal monitoring depends on

Answer 12

Severity of condition
Expected disease progression
Impact of procedure on animal

Question 13

Factors causing pain and distress

Answer 13

Temp
Hypoxia
Oedema 
Electrolytes
Dehydration
Environment
NB- smaller animals lose heat faster and starve quicker

Question 14

Ability to detect pain and distress requires

Answer 14

Knowledge of rodent behavior

Systematic approach to observe

Question 15

Types of observations for pain and distress

Answer 15

Activity level
Attitude
Fur and skin- cyanotic, pale, greasy, lesions
Eyes- encrustation, clarity
Behavior- spontaneous, provoked
Body condition
Food/fluid intake
Posture
Locomotion
Neurological- tremor, head tilt, circling
Vital signs

Question 16

Four main facets of husbandry

Answer 16

Cages - IVC, filter top, open top. Density
Food and water
Bedding
Environmental enrichment

Question 17

Pros and cons of inbred strains

Answer 17

Pro - low variation = smaller samples needed

Cons - extrapolate to humans

Question 18

Way to get past low variation in inbred strains

Answer 18

Use F1 hybrids

Question 19

Pros and cons of outbred stock

Answer 19

Pro - more valid to humans?

Cons - more variation = large sample needed

Question 20

Types of genetically engineered mouse strains

Answer 20

Transgenesis
Homologous recombination
Random mutagenesis

Question 21

Standard diet for rodents

Answer 21

60% starch
20% protein
5% fat
4% fibre

Question 22

Microbial categories of animals

Answer 22

Germ free
Gnotobiotic
Specified pathogen free
Conventional

Question 23

Define signal

Answer 23

Difference between cases and controls = treatment effect

Question 24

How to calculate sample size

Answer 24

1. Statistical power 2. Statistical significance threshold 3. Magnitude of meaningful Rx effect 4. Expected variability of results 5. Multiple comparisons

Question 25

Types of statistical errors

Answer 25

Type 1 - false positives (p value) | Type 2 - false negatives (power)

Question 26

Eggs of confounding variables

Answer 26

``` Husbandry Pain, stress, drugs Noise , light Different handlers Inter individual variation (sex) Intra individual variation (eg cortisol) Experimental (pipetting) ```

Question 27

Two steps in euthanasia

Answer 27

Killing | Confirming death

Question 28

Methods of killing

Answer 28

Carbon dioxide- rising concentration, 20% per min for 5 mins, the leave for further 5 mins. Halothane then CO2 - halothane for 5 mins then CO2 for 5 mins Overdose anaesthetic - pentobarbitone Cervical dislocation (max 200grams) Decapitation Destruction

Question 29

Methods to confirm death

Answer 29

``` Rigor Morris Cessation of circulation Exanguination Dislocation of neck Decapitation etc.. ```

Question 30

Define general anesthesia

Answer 30

Controlled and reversible loss of consciousness, caused by intoxication of CNS

Question 31

4 pillars of general anesthesia

Answer 31

Narcosis Sensory block Motor block Maintained autonomic stability

Question 32

How do you detect inadequate anesthesia

Answer 32

``` Deep pain Eye blink reflex Jaw tone Whisker movement Heart and reap rate increase ```

Question 33

Inhaled anaesthetic

Answer 33

Halothane, isoflurane

Question 34

Injected anaesthetic

Answer 34

Xylazine, ketamine

Question 35

Egsof peri operative care

Answer 35

``` No stress Do t withhold food Accurate weight Maintain body temp Eyelube Give fluids Pre and post operative analgesia ```

Question 36

Morphine for mice

Answer 36

Buprenorphine

Question 37

Surgical principles

Answer 37

``` Aseptic Gentle on tissues Clean cuts Careful haemostasis Obliterate dead space No tension on sutures ```