Film

Question 1

Nitrate based film

Answer 1

transparent, 2 sided emulsion, reduced the dose, highly flammable

Question 2

cellulose triacetate

Answer 2

most flammable

Question 3

First image was recorded on ______

Answer 3

Glass. 1 sided emulsion

Question 4

anything “radiographically” leaving the patient after the attenuation and this interacting with the image receptor

Answer 4

Remnant radiation AKA exit radiation

Question 5

Film construction must be:

Answer 5

made of polyester plastic
must be clear, strong, consistent,
single/double emulsion,
protective overcoat layered at top of emulsion

Question 6

Parts of a film:

Answer 6

base, adhesive layer, emulsion, supercoat

Question 7

Characteristics of the base layer:

Answer 7

transparent, rigid but flexible, untearable, uniform thickness & color, impermeable in water & processing solution, nonflammable, chemically inactive, dimensionally stability

Question 8

What is the emulsion layer made of?

Answer 8

Gelatin and Silver halide crystals

Question 9

What is the purpose of gelatin in the emulsion layer?

Answer 9

to provide mechanical support

Question 10

function of the emulsion layer

Answer 10

1) heart of the x-ray film

2) stores the latent image

Question 11

the film is on the film prior to processing, however cannot be seen.

Answer 11

latent image

Question 12

With proper processing, the latent image becomes a _________.

Answer 12

manifest image

Question 13

steps of the Gurney-Mott Theory

Answer 13

1) incident photon interacts with one of the silver halides
2) the ejected electron is freed to wander and may attracted and trapped by a sensitivity speck, causing the speck to have a neg charge
3) the negatively charged speck attracts a free silver ion
4) silver ions migrate to negatively charged sensitivity speck
5) development process converts silver ions to metallic silver grain

Question 14

types of film

Answer 14

Screen film, direct exposure film, filmless cassettes, special application film

Question 15

the contrast of an IR is _____ _______ to its exposure latitude,

Answer 15

inversely proportional

Question 16

Use of intensifying screens can reduce or eliminate ________.

Answer 16

crossover

Question 17

Crossover layer

Answer 17

absorbs most of the crossover light
does not diffuse into the emulsion but remains as a separate layer
completely removed during processing

Question 18

film sensitivity matches light emitted by screen

Answer 18

spectral matching

Question 19

The density produced by a radiograph is equal for any combination of mA and exposure time as long as the product of mAs is equal.

Answer 19

Reciprocity law

Question 20

Formula for reciprocity law

Answer 20

exposure= intensity X time= constant OD

Question 21

Proper darkroom illumination depends on:

Answer 21

the color of the filter, wattage of bulb, and distance between the lamp and work surface

Question 22

Safelights wattage and distance from the work surface are:

Answer 22

15 watt bulb, and at least 5ft from the work surface

Question 23

What color safelights are used?

Answer 23

red filter used with both blue and green sensitive film

amber filter are used for blue sensitive films

Question 24

direct exposure films

Answer 24

Thicker emulsion, less sensitive to light, cardboard cassette, higher detail, higher concentration of silver halide crystals, patient dose was increased (required 10-100 times more radiation)

Question 25

What kind of film was used in mammography until early 1970s?

Answer 25

direct exposure films

Question 26

CAD

Answer 26

computer aided detection/diagnosis

Question 27

Mammography film

Answer 27

• single emulsion, single intensifying screen
• dedicated film the reduces crossover
• containsspecial dyes to reduce reflected light

Question 28

laser film

Answer 28

constant image quality

silver halide film sensitized to the red light emitted from laser

Question 29

filmless cassettes

Answer 29

image plate coated with x-ray sensitive storage phosphors
contain a large dynamic range than conventional film
allows for greater tolerance for over and under exposed film

Question 30

Allows patient demographics and examination date to be entered and linked to the image to prevent separation of patient data and the image

Answer 30

RF-TAG chip

Question 31

optimal storage temp of film

Answer 31

50 degrees F, lengthens life of film

Question 32

Safely handle films by

Answer 32

carefully open and close film boxes, remove film sheets slowly, avoid chemical exposure

Question 33

heat & humidity result in ____ ___ ______.

Answer 33

loss of contrast

Question 34

Heat and fog are ____ ______

Answer 34

directly proportional

Question 35

If low level diffuse light exposes film, what is increased

Answer 35

fog

Question 36

if bright light exposes or partially exposes film, what is produced

Answer 36

artifacts

Question 37

what is the number one error in the handling and storage of film?

Answer 37

exposing the film bin

Question 38

unintended uniform optical density on a radiograph because x-rays, light, or chemical contamination that reduces contrast

Answer 38

film fog

Question 39

average storage time for film

Answer 39

45 days

Question 40

mamao films are kept for the ___ of the patient

Answer 40

life

Question 41

radiographic exams are retained for a period of _____

Answer 41

7 yrs, varies per state

Question 42

pediatric films are kept till________.

Answer 42

adulthood