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[2ND YEAR] CCP 4 - Pharmaceutical Biochemistry (Lec) > FINAL 01 - Carbohydrate Metabolism > Flashcards

FINAL 01 - Carbohydrate Metabolism Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

__________ are polyhydroaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

D-glyceraldehyde (Aldose or ketose)

A

Aldose

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3
Q

D-glucose (Aldose or ketose)

A

Aldose

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4
Q

Dihydroxyacetone (Aldose or ketose)

A

Ketose

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5
Q

D-fructose (Aldose or ketose)

A

Ketose

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6
Q

__________ are bonds that links simple sugar unit to form carbohydrate polymers

A

Glycosidic bonds

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7
Q

Refers to the sum of all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the dynamic state of a cell or organism

A

Metabolism

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8
Q

The process of breaking down large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules with the concurrent production of energy

A

Catabolism

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9
Q

The process of synthesizing larger molecules from smaller ones

A

Anabolism

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10
Q

Organ responsible for physical digestion

A

Mouth

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11
Q

In the mouth, the chemical digestion of carbohydrates is done by __________

A

α-amylase

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12
Q

Organ responsible for absorption of nutrients

A

Small intestine

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13
Q

In the small intestine, digestion of carbohydrates is done by __________

A

Pancreatic amylase

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14
Q

In the small intestine, the digestion of proteins is done by __________

A

Peptidases (ex: trypsin, chymotrypsin, etc.)

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15
Q

In the small intestine, emulsification of lipids is done by __________

A

Bile acids/salts

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16
Q

In the small intestine, the digestion of fatty acids is done by __________

A

Lipases

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17
Q

Organ responsible for reabsorption of water and microbiome-assisted synthesis and absorption of vitamins and minerals

A

Large intestine

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18
Q

In the stomach, digestion and protein denaturation is done by __________

A

Gastric acid

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19
Q

In the stomach, peptide bonds of proteins are cleaved by __________

A

Pepsin

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20
Q

The pancreas is responsible for the production of __________ and __________ (AP)

A

Amylase, Peptides

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21
Q

The pancreas is responsible for the production of two hormones: __________ and __________ (IG)

A

Insulin, Glucagon

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22
Q

Refers to the process by which glucose is broken down to produce energy

A

Glycolysis

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23
Q

2 phases of glycolysis (EI, EG)

A

Energy investment phase, Energy generation phase

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24
Q

Phase that uses 2 ATP molecules to add phosphate groups to glucose, preparing it for breakdown into smaller molecules (Phases of glycolysis)

A

Energy investment phase

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25
Phase that produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH by breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (Phases of glycolysis)
Energy generation phase
26
Substrate (Step 1 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)
Glucose
27
Enzyme (Step 1 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)
Hexokinase
28
Product (Step 1 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)
Glucose-6-phosphate
29
Substrate (Step 2 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)
Glucose-6-phosphate
30
Enzyme (Step 2 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)
Glucosephosphate isomerase
31
Product (Step 2 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)
Fructose-6-phosphate
32
Substrate (Step 3 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)
Fructose-6-phosphate
33
Enzyme (Step 3 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)
Phosphofructokinase
34
Product (Step 3 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)
Fructose-1,6-biphosphate
35
Substrate (Step 4 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)
Fructose-1,6-biphosphate
36
Enzyme (Step 4 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)
Aldolase
37
2 Products (Step 4 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis) (DD)
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
38
Substrate (Step 5 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
39
Enzyme (Step 5 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)
Triosephosphate isomerase
40
Product (Step 5 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)
D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
41
Substrate (Step 6 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
42
Enzyme (Step 6 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
43
Product (Step 6 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)
1,3-biphosphoglycerate
44
Substrate (Step 7 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
45
Enzyme (Step 7 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)
Phosphoglycerate kinase
46
Product (Step 7 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)
3-Phosphoglycerate
47
Substrate (Step 8 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)
3-Phosphoglycerate
48
Enzyme (Step 8 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)
Phosphoglyceromutase
49
Product (Step 8 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)
2-Phosphoglycerate
50
Substrate (Step 9 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)
2-Phosphoglycerate
51
Enzyme (Step 9 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)
Enolase
52
Product (Step 9 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)
Phosphenolpyruvate (PEP)
53
Substrate (Step 10 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)
Phosphoenolpyruvate
54
Enzyme (Step 10 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)
Pyruvate kinase
55
Product (Step 10 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)
Pyruvate
56
In anaerobic respiration, __________ is the process that converts pyruvate into lactic acid
Lactic acid fermentation
57
In anaerobic respiration, __________ is the process that converts pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide
Alcohol fermentation
58
Refers to the process that happens in the mitochondria wherein acetyl-CoA is oxidized to produce ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2
Kreb's cycle/Tricarboxylic acid cycle
59
2 substrates (Step 1 - Kreb's cycle) (OA)
Oxaloacetate, Acetyl-CoA
60
Enzyme (Step 1 - Kreb's cycle)
Citrate synthase
61
2 Products (Step 1 - Kreb's cycle) (CC)
Citryl-CoA, Citrate
62
___________, an allosteric enzyme, is inhibited by NADH, ATP, and succinyl-CoA (Step 1 - Kreb's cycle)
Citrate synthase
63
2 substrates (Step 2 - Kreb's cycle) (CC)
Citrate, cis-Aconitate
64
Enzyme (Step 2 - Kreb's cycle)
Aconitase
65
Product (Step 2 - Kreb's cycle)
Isocitrate
66
__________ and __________ are achiral; neither has a stereocenter (Step 2 - Kreb's cycle) (CA)
Citrate, Aconitate
67
__________ is chiral; it has 2 stereocenters and 4 stereoisomers are possible (Step 2 - Kreb's cycle)
Isocitrate
68
Only __________ of the 4 possible stereoisomers is formed in the cycle (Step 2 - Kreb's cycle)
One (1)
69
Substrate (Step 3 - Oxidation - Kreb's cycle)
Isocitrate
70
Enzyme (Step 3 - Oxidation - Kreb's cycle)
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
71
Product (Step 3 - Oxidation - Kreb's cycle)
Oxalosuccinate
72
Substrate (Step 3 - Decarboxylation - Kreb's cycle)
Oxalosuccinate
73
Product (Step 3 - Decarboxylation - Kreb's cycle)
α-Ketoglutarate
74
__________ is an allosteric enzyme; it is inhibited by ATP and NADH and activated by ADP and NAD+ (Step 3 - Kreb's cycle)
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
75
Substrate (Step 4 - Kreb's cycle)
a-Ketoglutarate
76
Enzyme (Step 4 - Kreb's cycle)
a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
77
Product (Step 4 - Kreb's cycle)
Succinyl-CoA
78
Substrate (Step 5 - Kreb's cycle)
Succinyl-CoA
79
Enzyme (Step 5 - Kreb's cycle)
Succinyl-CoA synthetase
80
Product (Step 5 - Kreb's cycle)
Succinate
81
In the step 5 of the Kreb's cycle, __________ molecule of GTP is produced
One (1)
82
Like ATP, __________ stores energy in the form of high-energy phosphoric anhydride bonds (Step 5 - Kreb's cycle)
GTP
83
Substrate (Step 6 - Kreb's cycle)
Succinate
84
Enzyme (Step 6 - Kreb's cycle)
Succinate dehydrogenase
85
Product (Step 6 - Kreb's cycle)
Fumarate
86
Substrate (Step 7 - Kreb's cycle)
Fumarate
87
Enzyme (Step 7 - Kreb's cycle)
Fumarase
88
Product (Step 7 - Kreb's cycle)
Malate
89
__________ is chiral and can exist as a pair of enantiomers; it is produced in the cycle as a single stereoisomer (Step 7 - Kreb's cycle)
Malate
90
Substrate (Step 8 - Kreb's cycle)
Malate
91
Enzyme (Step 8 - Kreb's cycle)
Malate dehydrogenase
92
Product (Step 8 - Kreb's cycle)
Oxaloacetate
93
__________ can react with acetyl-CoA to start another round of the Kreb's cycle (Step 8 - Kreb's cycle)
Oxaloacetate
94
Refers to the system that transfers electrons through protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane, generating a protein gradient that powers ATP synthesis
Electron transport system/chain
95
Refers to the gradient that forms across the mitochondria's inner membrane as electrons move through the ETC
Proton gradient
96
Refers to the process by which ATP is produced in the mitochondria using energy from the ETC and the protein gradient
Oxidative phosphorylation
97
__________ is an enzyme that produces ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
ATP synthase
98
Refers to a shuttle that transfers electrons from NADH in the cytoplasm to FAD in the mitochondria, allowing NADH to contribute to ATP production by feeding electrons into the ETC
Glycerol-phosphate shuttle
99
Refers to the shuttle that transfers electrons from NADH in the cytoplasm to NADH in the mitochondria, allowing NADH to enter the ETC for ATP production
Malate-aspartate shuttle
100
Total energy yield form complete oxidation of glucose from glycolysis to citric acid cycle
32/34 ATP molecules

[2ND YEAR] CCP 4 - Pharmaceutical Biochemistry (Lec) (19 decks)

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