Final Flashcards
(25 cards)
oxidoreductases
transfers electrons and results in a change in oxidation state (dehydrogenase)
transferase
transfer of functional groups from one molecule to another (phosphorylase, kinase)
hydrolase
breakdown of covalent bond using water (protease, phosphatase)
lyase
breakdown of a covalent bond without water or oxidation (decarboxylase)
isomerase
rearrangement of bonds within a molecule (mutase)
ligase
formation of a covalent bond between two large molecules (DNA ligase)
ketogenic AA
metabolized to acetyl coA, can be converted into fatty acids or keto acids
glucogenic AA
metabolized to intermediate of TCA cycle, can be converted into glucose
ex. citrate, iso-citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate
essential AA
required in diet
nonessential AA
synthesized in body
roles of AA
- provide nitrogen substrate
- degraded by UC to urea
- used for protein synthesis
- provide carbon substrate for FAS/GNG
aminotransferases
converts amino acids to respective a-keto acids (oxoacids) by transferring amino groups
ex. ALT and AST
alanine transaminase (ALT)
-transaminase enzyme concentrated in the liver
-catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from alanine to alpha-ketoglutarate in the alanine cycle to form pyruvate and glutamate
(AA metabolism)
aspartate transaminase (AST)
-pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transaminase enzyme in the liver or muscle
-catalyzes the reversible transfer of an α-amino group between aspartate and glutamate
(AA metabolism)
keto acids
organic compounds that contain a carboxylic acid group and a ketone group
proteasome
Polyubiquitinated proteins are subsequently degraded by this large, ATP-dependent complex
Fatty acids, ketone bodies, and glucose can be formed from amino acids because carbon skeleton (resulting after the a-amino group is removed) is converted into acetoacetyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA, or oxaloacetate and α-ketoglutarate (TCA intermediate)
TRUE
cofactor
- a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme’s activity as a catalyst
- “helper molecules” that assist in biochemical transformations
ex: metal ions and coenzymes
coenyzyme
- organic molecule that binds to the active sites of certain enzymes to assist in the catalysis of a reaction.
- can function as intermediate carriers of electrons during these reactions or be transferred between enzymes as functional groups.
ex: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and coenzyme A
transamination
any amino acid donating a-group to be converted into ketoacid
Tetrahydrobipterin (BH4)
cofactor required for the metabolism of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan
Urea Cycle (CCAAO) (AFU)
CP, Citrulline, Argininosuccinate, Arginine, Ornithine
Aspartate, Fumarate, Urea
My Tall Vegan Pal Is Tearing Little Leaves
Methionine Threonine Valine Phenylalanine Isoleucine Tryptophan Lysine Leuine
B-Ox 4 steps
dehydrogenase, hydration, dehydrogenase, cleavage
last step thiolase/ACAT
