Final Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
ACE is a term used for proteins in the lungs named angiotensin converting enzymes. ACE is an example of an
A
Acronym
2
Q
More than one tissue joined into a structure that has a specific function form:
A
Organs
3
Q
Cellular energy is used when solute molecules are:
A
Moved from low concentration to high concentration
4
Q
Which are individual units of an element
A
Atoms
5
Q
The function of superoxide dimutase is to
A
Neutralize free radicals
6
Q
Use the table:
Chlorine (Cl-) will be moving down its concentration gradient if it:
A
Moves from outside the cell (extracellular) to inside the cell (intracellular)
7
Q
Prostaglandin molecules are:
A
Eicosanoids
Lipids
(a and b)
8
Q
Regions of an organ are formed by a mass of similar cells are:
A
Tissues
9
Q
You add a compound to a solution and test the pH. You see that the solution has become more acidic.
A
There are more hydrogen ions in the solution after the addition
10
Q
Gabrielle Fallopio was an Italian anatomist whose name was used as the anatomic term for fallopian tube. Fallopian tube is:
A
An eponym
11
Q
The functional group in the square is:
NH2
A
An amino group
12
Q
Keratin is:
A
A structural protein
13
Q
Antioxidants protect the body from:
A
Free radicals
14
Q
Peptide bonds are found in:
A
Proteins
15
Q
Dehydration synthesis results in the formation of:
A
Polysaccharides
Proteins
Disaccharides
(a, b, and c)
16
Q
Bonds formed between atoms in a molecule are a result of the interaction of
A
Electrons in the valence shell
17
Q
X-rays and gamma rays are capable of:
A
Removing electrons from molecules
18
Q
Microscopy is the field of using microscopes to view objects. Which field of fields of anatomy are dependent on microscopy?
A
Histology
Cytology
(A and C)
19
Q
Which is the basis for anatomy
A
Inspection
20
Q
This is a simple representation of an atom of magnesium.
How many electrons are in the valence shell?
A
2
21
Q
Predict whether magnesium will become a cation or an anion
A
Magnesium will become a cation
22
Q
Super oxide anions are free radicals. These molecules:
A
Have unpaired electrons
23
Q
This is the structural formula showing 2 acetic acid molecules. The arrows indicate:
A
Hydrogen bonds
24
Q
In the acetic acid molecules shown in the previous question, which of the following is true?
A
The HYDROGEN atoms nearest to the dotted line carry a PARTIALLY POSITIVE charge
25
Acetic acid is an acid because it will:
Release a proton into a solution
26
Hydrolysis is:
A catabolic reaction
27
Which 2 functional groups are found in all types of amino acids?
Amino group and carboxyl group
28
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are:
Carbohydrates
29
The lipid molecules that form biological membranes are
Phospholipid molecules
30
Proteins inculde
Greater than 50 amino acid subunits
31
A molecule including a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen containing base is
A nucleotide
32
Which macromolecules are described as being globular
Proteins
33
Cholesterol molecules are
Lipids
34
Cholesterol molecules are important in which structures?
Cell membrane
35
Receptor mediated endocytosis is associated with
Clatharin
36
Which of the following creates a sodium concentration gradient in the cytoplasm?
Sodium-potassium ATPase
37
Which structure is responsible for the removal of specifically marked proteins from the cytoplasm?
Proteasome
38
The image below is a CT scan of the head. Which of the following is correct?
The cerebellum and the scalp are of ectodermal origin and the occipital bone is of mesodermal origin
39
Hypertonic saline is a 7.2% solution. The cytosine of a body cell is a 0.9% solution. A cell placed in hypertonic saline will
Shrink
40
Distilled water is a hypotonic solution. A cell placed in distilled water will:
| (The cytosine of a body cell is a 0.9% solution)
Swell
41
Dynamic rearrangement of the micro filaments in the cytoskeleton is necessary for
The creation of pseudopods by macrophages
42
Newly formed proteins synthesized by ribosomes that are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum will be found in
The cistern of endoplasmic reticulum
43
Which organelle is responsible for the lipid synthesis and detoxification of some compounds?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
44
The enzymes for the completion of cellular respiration are arranged in order in the membranes of the
Mitochondria
45
The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine:
The lining of the duodenum is simple columnar epithelium
The lining of the duodenum includes unicellular glands
(A and B)
46
Mast Cells in Cardiovascular Disease is a paper published in The International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
Where in the heart and blood vessels are mast cells located
Areolar connective tissue
47
The most superficial layer of the visceral peritoneum is
Simple squamous epithelial tissue
48
Urothelium is a tissue that most resembles
Stratified epithelial tissue
49
What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
Maintain membrane fluidity
50
If you were designing an experiment investigating the physiology of fibroblasts that specialize in producing reticular fibers, from which organ would you isolate cells?
Lymph nodes
51
If you were designing an experiment investigating the physiology of fibroblasts that specialize in producing elastic fibers, from which organ would you isolate cells?
Large artery
52
Arthritis occurs when the cells in the cartilage covering bone tissue in joints die. What type of cell is lost?
Chondrocyte
53
All of the following contribute to bacterial and fungal resistance in the skin except:
vitamin D sythesis
production of dermcidins and defensins
an acid mantle
minimal water content
Vitamin D synthesis
54
Ceruminous glands are found in the
Lining of the ear canal
55
Which cells are found in the lacunae bone tissue
Osteocytes
56
Adult stem cells that differentiate into keratinocytes are found in the
Stratum basale 
57
Keratinocytes receive oxygen supply for the
Papillary layer
58
Which of the following is primarily stratified squamous epithelial tissue?
hypodermis
epidermis
dermis
Epidermis
59
Which of the following is important in holding cells of the stratum spinosum together?
tactile cells
dendric cells
desmosomes
eleidin
Desmosomes
60
The skin receives 10 times more oxygen rich blood and cells in the skin need. The function of this pattern of blood flow is
Thermoregulation
61
Skin pigment are produced by
Melanocytes
62
In which layer are cells dead, keratinized, thin, and scaly?
Stratum corneum
63
Erythema is
Redskin due to vasodilation
64
Hepatitis C virus causes liver inflammation and liver failure. What skin abnormality would result?
Jaundice
65
Deoxygenated hemoglobin in the dermis will result in
Cyanosis
66
The primary ossification center develops
During endochondral ossification of the diaphysis of long bones
67
The increase in width of a long bone is
Appositional growth
68
What roll do chondrocytes play in bone formation?
Chondrocytes produce hyaline cartilage
69
Collagen fibers, glycosaminoglycan molecules, proteoglycan molecules, and glycoproteins are part of
Bones organic material
70
A tibia contains no epiphyseal plate
This is the mature bone of an adult
71
Which cells will be most obviously affected by hypocalcemia
Muscle cells and neurons
72
Calcitonin is released by which cell type?
Parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland
73
Which layers of the epidermidis are most important for the immune surveillance of the skin?
Stratum spinousum and stratum granulosum
74
Bromhidrosis is associated with
Apocrine sweat glands
75
All of the following cells/structures are located in the stratum basale except
keratinocytes
stem cells
melanocytes
sensory neuron receptors
Sensory neuron receptors
76
Mineral and bone disorder is associated with chronic kidney disease. The production of which hormone is reduced by kidney disease?
Calcitriol
77
Striae are caused by
Excessive stretching of the reticular layer of the dermis
78
Which is correct?
canliculi form central canals
canaliculi form osteons
lamellae form osteons
osteons are delicate plates of bone
Lamellae form osteons
79
Pneumonia can result in the inability to oxygenated blood. Patient experiencing an ammonia may exhibit
Cyanosis
80
Inflammatory mediators signals cause vasodilation. Inflame skin will exhibit
Erythema
81
The parietal bone develop by
Intramembranous ossification
82
Hydroxyapatite is
Calcium phosphate SALT
83
Red bone marrow abnormalities may lead to
Anemia
84
What hormone is released due to hypocalcemia
PTH
85
What happens to keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum?
They become non-mitotic
86
The rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius are muscles located in the
Anterior compartment of the thigh
87
What structure provides most of the anterior stabilization of the glenohumeral joint?
The biceps brachii muscle
88
Which muscle stabilizes the posterior knee?
Semimembranosus
89
In the coxal joint, the acetabulum articulate with the
Head of the femur
90
The tibia and the tallus articulate at the
Medical talocrual joint
91
A muscle fascicle is surrounded by
Perimysium
92
The superficial posterior compartment of the forearm is separated from the deep posterior compartment of the forearm by
Fascia
93
Which produces most of the force during a particular action?
Agonist
94
The masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles allow:
Biting and cutting with the mandible
95
All of the following extend the head except
Sternocleidomastoid
96
The rotator cuff is composed of which muscles?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
97
Which muscle is the prime mover of pushing with the arms?
Serratus anterior
98
Which protein blocks binding sites for myosin heads?
Troponin
99
Which of the following is correct?
When acetylcholine binds receptors on the sarcolemma, an impulse is propogated to and throughout tubules
100
When voltage gated potassium channels open in the sarcolemma, all of the following occurs except
Potassium rushes into the muscle fiber
101
The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores
Calcium ions
102
Red muscle fibers are
Slow oxidative fibers that depend on aerobic ATP production
103
Linear protien wrapped around F-actin
Tropomyosin
104
Release neurotransmitters that stimulates smooth muscle cells
Vaicosities
105
Protein found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Calsequestrin
106
Links f-actin to the endomysium
Dystrophin
107
The resting potential of a muscle fiber -90 mV. Which is correct?
There is a higher concentration of potassium in the intracellular fluid and trapped anions
108
Where the voltage gated calcium channels located at the neuromuscular junction?
Within the membrane of the axon terminal
109
Which protein is responsible for the power stroke of a skeletal muscle contraction?
Myosin
110
If you are on ice skates, which muscles are the most important for preventing leg abduction?
The muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh
111
The muculocutaneous nerve supplies the biceps brachii and the brachialis muscles. Damage to this nerve will result in
The inability to oppose elbow extension
The inability to flew the elbow
Decreased ability to supinate the forearm
(A, B, and C)
112
The axis of rotation of the arms of the person in the image above is the
Sagittal plane
113
The somatic branch of the nervous system and the visceral branch of the nervous system are divisions of the
Peripheral nervous system
114
The central nervous system is composed of
The brain and spinal cord only
115
Cardiac muscle, gland, and smooth muscle receive innervation from
Visceral motor neurons
116
Which are parts of sensory neurons?
Afferent fibers
117
Which are parts of motor neurons?
Efferent fibers
118
Microtubules are most important for transport in which part of the neuron?
Axon
119
Most of the brain and spinal cord neurons are
Multipolar neurons
120
Olfactory neurons in the roof of the nasal cavity and neurons located in the retina of the eye are
Unipolar neurons
121
Which neuron structure is specialized for rapid impulse transmission from the soma to the axon terminal?
The axon
122
Which of the following are necessary for anterograde transport in an axon?
Microtubules and motor proteins
123
Which arrow in the image below indicates a dendrite?
A
124
Which cells in the central nervous system are both mobile and phagocytic?
Microglia
125
Which cells in the brain are important to the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes
126
Which support cells are found only in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells and satellite cells
127
Gray matter is composed of
neurosomas, dendrites, and synapses
128
The most superficial meningeal layer of the brain is the
Dura matter
129
Which meningeal layer is in direct contact with the nervous tissue?
Pita mater
130
The neural tube forms from the
Ectoderm
131
The brain is cushioned and protected by they buoyancy of the
The cerebrospinal fluid deep to the arachnoid mater
132
In the image above: area where membrane polarization is not able to change.
B
| (myelinated area)
