Final

Question 1

What are the closest types of living fish to tetrapods?

Answer 1

Lungfish + coelacanths. Lobbed fin fish are closer but are extinct :(

Question 2

What are the closest types of extinct fossil fish to tetrapods?

Answer 2

Eusthenopteron

Question 3

What is the (very general) arrangement of the bones in certain types of fossil lobe-finned fish compared to the oldest tetrapods? How does it compare to the bones of our own arm?

Answer 3

Paddle like legs with large amounts of digits

Question 4

In what geological time period did the transition between fish and tetrapods occur?

Answer 4

Mid- Devonian period (Paleozoic)

Question 5

The oldest tetrapods lived in what environment?

Answer 5

Aquatic environment

Question 6

The oldest tetrapods were what type of group of vertebrates that needs water or moist conditions to reproduce?

Answer 6

Amphibians

Question 7

The oldest amniotes had what important feature related to reproduction that allowed them to move into drier conditions?

Answer 7

Amniotic egg. Protected against desiccation.

Question 8

What is the problem with the group traditionally called “reptiles” if using a cladistic classification?

Answer 8

They all do not come from the same branch in the tree, so the group really isn’t one solid group. Crocodiles are most closely related living thing to dinosaurs. Snakes and lizards are closely related, and turtles branch off this.

Question 9

What is the relationship between the clade amniota and the group “reptiles”?

Answer 9

All reptiles are amniotes

Question 10

In general terms, what did the oldest amniotes look like?

Answer 10

Large hips, large forearms, large hind limbs, stronger vertebrae column, and large shoulders.

Question 11

In what important way did the oldest amniotes differ from most modern groups in terms of their temporal fenestrae?

Answer 11

Early amniotes had NO temporal fenestrae while modern groups have diapsids (two)

Question 12

What are the four main groups of amniotes, based on their arrangement of temporal fenestrae?

Answer 12

Anapsid - none
Diapsid – 2
Euryapsid- 1 (dorsal)
Synapsid- 1 (ventral)

Question 13

How are temporal fenestrae arranged for modern “reptiles”?

Answer 13

Modern reptiles have two (diapsids)

Question 14

What group are dinosaurs assigned to based on their temporal fenestrae?

Answer 14

Diapsids

Question 15

What group are the oldest amniotes assigned to based on their temporal fenestrae?

Answer 15

Anapsids (no fenestrae)

Question 16

What are “mammal-like reptiles” and to what group are they assigned based on their temporal fenestrae?

Answer 16

A transitional organism that is like both a reptile and a mammal. These organisms are synapsids.

Question 17

What are plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs generally like, and to what group are they assigned based on their temporal fenestrae?

Answer 17

They are marine a cross between a reptile and a fish. These organisms are euryapsids.

Question 18

What are pelycosaurs? What ideas are there for the function of their dorsal “sails”?

Answer 18

Permian period sprawling reptiles. Their large sails were used for body temperature regulation.

Question 19

What are the 5 main groups of diapsids? Which are extinct and which are extant? Of the living diapsids other than birds, which is more closely related to dinosaurs?

Answer 19

-Lepidosaurs
-Crocodiles
-pterosaurs (extinct)
-thecodonts (extinct)
-dinosaurs
Crocodiles are living thing closely related to dinos

Question 20

Of all the diapsids other than birds (extinct or extant), which are most closely related to dinosaurs?

Answer 20

Pterosaurs and dinosaur morphs

Question 21

What distinguishes archosaurs (Archosauria) from other diapsids? Which diapsids are grouped within Archosauria?

Answer 21

Archosaurs have fenestrae in front of their eye and in mandible. No teeth on the palate, and semi upright or upright posture. Includes dinosaurs and close relatives.

Question 22

What are pterosaurs? Why are they sometimes called “finger fliers”?

Answer 22

Flying reptiles. Hand modified into wings. Phalanges are what internally strengthen the wing.

Question 23

What are thecodonts?

Answer 23

Semi-upright archosaurs

Question 24

What anatomical feature finally distinguishes between thecodonts and dinosaurs (for the definition used in this class)?

Answer 24

Advanced mesotarsal ankle.

Question 25

What change in locomotion does this anatomical change represent?

Answer 25

Leg swings differently

Question 26

Why is it so tricky to draw a line between dinosaurs and non-dinosaurs?

Answer 26

Some are very similar and only small details are what can defer the two into different groups.

Question 27

In what part of the Triassic Period do the first dinosaurs appear during this transition?

Answer 27

Late part of the Triassic.

Question 28

What are the two biggest divisions within the Dinosauria, and what anatomical feature is this division based upon?

Answer 28

Saurischian hips vs ornithischian hips. Based on hip shape

Question 29

What are the 5 main sub-clades within the Dinosauria?

Answer 29

``` Theropods (carnivorous bipeds) Sauropods (long necks) Thyreophora (ankylosaurus + stego) Megalocephalia (Triceratops) Ornithopod (duckbilled) ```

Question 30

Within which of these 5 clades are birds (Aves) classified?

Answer 30

Theropods (aves comes from theropods)

Question 31

What does the word Theropoda literally mean?

Answer 31

Beast foot

Question 32

What are the main features of theropod dinosaurs?

Answer 32

Bipeds, carnivorous, 3 toed footprints, serrated teeth, big skulls

Question 33

What functions do the main anatomical features of Theropoda allow them to do?

Answer 33

Increased mobility for scavenging and hunting. Effective biped motion. Stiff back, tail, and neck.

Question 34

What is pneumatic bone? What biological process does it support?

Answer 34

Spaces of air sacs in bones. Shows link between dinosaurs and birds.

Question 35

What related modern group also has pneumatic bone?

Answer 35

Birds

Question 36

What is the name of the oldest dinosaur (recognized so far)?

Answer 36

Eoraptor

Question 37

What 2 example features of the Herrarasauridae are typical of older dinosaur ancestors?

Answer 37

Fewer sacral vertebrae and manus with 5 digits

Question 38

What feature of the ankle is typical of the Ceratosauria? What features do some of them have on their heads?

Answer 38

Horns on their head. Ankle and foot bone is fused together.

Question 39

In what ways is the depiction of Dilophosaurus in the movie Jurassic Park inaccurate?

Answer 39

no evidence of a frill. Think notch could mean venom glands but very controversial.

Question 40

What features of the tail of Clade Tetanurae lead to their name?

Answer 40

Stiff tail. Limited digits

Question 41

What the public boot typical of the Clade Avetheropoda?

Answer 41

Extension of pubis.

Question 42

What is the difference between the third metatarsal bone of the foot in the Clade Carnosauria versus Clade Coelurosauria?

Answer 42

Third metatarsal extends to ankle in carnosauria, while third metatarsal is wedge shaped in coelurosauria.

Question 43

In which of these two groups are the biggest theropods known?

Answer 43

Group carnosauria (giganto) and group megalosauria (spino)

Question 44

How much bigger than Tyrannosaurus | were these largest theropods?

Answer 44

T-rex is quite big but a handful of theropods were bigger.

Question 45

What are the main characteristics of each of the 4 main groups in Coelosauria: the Arctometatarsalia, oviraptorids, therizinosauroids, and Maniraptora?

Answer 45

Arc- wedge shaped third metatarsal on pes, Ovi- no teeth and maniraptiform hands Zino-long ass claws Mani-raptors- feathers (raptors and birds)

Question 46

What unusual feature of the saurischian hips of Maniraptora makes their hips similar to that of birds?

Answer 46

Modified saurischian hip that looks like birds. Pelvis weird

Question 47

What is wrong with the size of the "Velociraptor" dinosaurs in the movie Jurassic Park?

Answer 47

More of a size of a deinonychus

Question 48

Within the Maniraptora, what is the relationship between the Dromeosauriae (Velociraptor and its allies) and Aves (birds)?

Answer 48

Aves branches off from dromeosauriae

Question 49

What 3 features of the oldest bird, Archaeopteryx, that are not typical of modern birds?

Answer 49

Maniraptoran claw, long body tail, teeth

Question 50

What is the relative age of Archaeopteryx?

Answer 50

147 myo

Question 51

Are wishbones (fused clavicles) unique to birds?

Answer 51

Also present in theropod dinosaurs

Question 52

What is the difference between a glider and powered flight?

Answer 52

Glider climbs and uses gravity to help it fly. Powered requires fighting against gravity on ground.

Question 53

Roughly how many species of dinosaurs have been found with feathers?

Answer 53

11 species

Question 54

Using the current scientific understanding of bird relationships to dinosaurs, is it technically correct to say all dinosaurs are extinct?

Answer 54

No. Birds are theropods dinosaurs that still are living.

Question 55

What does the word "Sauropodomorpha" literally mean?

Answer 55

Lizard foot form

Question 56

What general characteristics are typical of the sauropodomorphs?

Answer 56

Long neck, 5 digits on manus, spatulate teeth

Question 57

Are they usually quadrupeds or bipeds? In what way does this posture change over time?

Answer 57

Biped and transitioned into quad

Question 58

Do they have saurischian or ornithischian hips?

Answer 58

Saurischian hips

Question 59

What group of dinos is closest related to sauropods?

Answer 59

Theropods

Question 60

What is the weight estimate for the heaviest sauropodomorphans? How does this compare to modern-day animals?

Answer 60

65 tons. Heaviest thing on earth is blue whale which is 75 tons. Elephants only weigh about 6 tons

Question 61

How has the skeleton been modified to lighten its structure?

Answer 61

Air sacs in bones like birds. Neural arch thinned.

Question 62

What kinds of teeth to sauropodomorphans have?

Answer 62

Spatulate peg like teeth.

Question 63

To what extent did they grind vegetation with their teeth?

Answer 63

Very little. Use rocks to digest. Rocks via gizzard.

Question 64

What features distinguish the Prosauropoda from later sauropodomorphans?

Answer 64

Prosaurpods have claws and maybe bipedal.

Question 65

What use did Prosauropoda have for the claws on their front limbs?

Answer 65

Digging for roots and other shrubbery. (Late triassic early juarassic)

Question 66

What features are typical of the Sauropoda?

Answer 66

BIG. 12 neck vertebrae, large muscles attached to pelvis, 45-80 tail vertebrae, neural arch thinned to be more lightweight

Question 67

Where are the nares in sauropods?

Answer 67

On top of the head

Question 68

What hypothesis is there for the function of the extremely long tails of some sauropods?

Answer 68

Used as a whip for self defence

Question 69

What elastic structure helped to support the neck of sauropod dinosaurs?

Answer 69

Nuchal ligament (Suspension bridge)

Question 70

How has the interpretation of the orientation of the body changed in the last decade or so?

Answer 70

It is thought the body could be on an upwards incline and not horizontal.

Question 71

What 3 hypotheses could explain the extremely large size of sauropod dinosaurs?

Answer 71

Food processing and harvesting, defense, thermal buffering

Question 72

When did grass first originate, according to recent discoveries?

Answer 72

Diverged in cretaceous period.

Question 73

What is meant by the "forward prong" of ornithischian dinosaur hips?

Answer 73

Extension of pubis.

Question 74

What dental features of the jaw are typical of ornithopods (and some other ornithischians)? Are all ornithischians herbivorous?

Answer 74

As of now, all ornithischians are herbivorous | Teeth are offset.

Question 75

How does the strategy for processing their herbivorous diet differ from plant-eating dinosaurs such as sauropodomorphans?

Answer 75

They do grind up food instead of swallowing it whole.

Question 76

What dental features are typical of the Heterodontosauridae?

Answer 76

Tusk shaped teeth. And dental battery.

Question 77

How do hypsolophodontids differ from heterodontosaurids?

Answer 77

Hypsolophodontids have a beak instead with tusks.

Question 78

What is pleurokinesis and how does it relate to feeding?

Answer 78

Sutures in skull can separate. Jaw works like a guillotine to chop up plant material.

Question 79

In what way is the Clade Iguanodontia modified in comparison to the hypsolophodontids? Why are hadrosaurids commonly referred to as the "duck-billed" dinosaurs?

Answer 79

Iguanodontia much bigger. Premaxillary known as duck bill.

Question 80

What function did the skull crests of some hadrosaurids serve?

Answer 80

What function did the skull crests of some hadrosaurids serve?

Question 81

What feature of their skin is typical of the Thyreophora? What functions did it usually serve?

Answer 81

Armor for defense, display for mates, and thermal regulation. Spikes behind eyes.

Question 82

Were the earliest thyreophorans bipeds or quadrupeds? What about later ones?

Answer 82

Biped to quads.

Question 83

What is wrong with the "traditional" interpretation of the spikes and tail of Stegosaurus?

Answer 83

Used for display, thermoregulation, or light defense. Primary would not have been defense. Might have been more of a scare tactic.

Question 84

What are the spikes at the end of stegos tail called?

Answer 84

Thagomizer

Question 85

How are the usual fenestrae of the skull and hips modified in the Ankylosauridae and Nodosauridae compared to other dinosaurs?

Answer 85

Fenestrae reduced in size.

Question 86

How do ankylosaurs differ from other thyreophorans in terms of their body armor?

Answer 86

Plates on back not fused together. Like a tank.

Question 87

Characteristics of marginocephalia?

Answer 87

horns, beak, large frill with spikes on end, dental battery

Question 88

Were they bi or quad? (MArgino)

Answer 88

Biped to quad

Question 89

What features were typical of ceratopsian dinosaurs when they achieved larger sizes and later in their history?

Answer 89

Their frill.

Question 90

What are the three parts of a dino hip?

Answer 90

Illium (dorsal), pubis (anterior), ischium

Question 91

What number digit is held up in dromeosaurs?

Answer 91

Digit 2

Question 92

Prolate egg shape?

Answer 92

Elongated in one direction

Question 93

In theropods, the middle digit on pes is what number?

Answer 93

Number 2

Question 94

The acetabullum has a...?

Answer 94

An open medial wall

Question 95

What nest type is typical with dinosaurs?

Answer 95

Mound type

Question 96

Are wave ripples symmetrical?

Answer 96

Yes and current ripples are asymmetrical

Question 97

What are dino eggs made of?

Answer 97

Calcium carbonate

Question 98

Dino bones are made of what?

Answer 98

Calcium phosphate

Question 99

What is an undertrack?

Answer 99

a track from a layer just beneath the real track surface

Question 100

Why was it thought zinos claws were so long?

Answer 100

Digging for termites

Question 101

What is the most fragile bone of the skeleton?

Answer 101

Skull

Question 102

How are dino eggs identified?

Answer 102

Finding embryos inside them