Final Flashcards
1
Q
neck landmarks
A
- laryngeal prominence
- hyoid bone superior to laryngeal prominence
- thyroid cartilage inferior to laryngeal prominence
- cricoid cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage
- SCM
- trapezius
- playsma
2
Q
hyoid bone
A
- needed for breathing and swallowing
- serves as base of tongue
- maintains open lumen of pharynx
3
Q
posterior compartment contents
A
- cervical vertebrae
- spinal cord
- cervical spinal nerves
- muscles associated with cervical vertebrae
4
Q
anterior compartment components
A
- esophagus
- trachea
- thyroid gland
5
Q
lateral compartment contents
A
- common carotid artery
- internal carotid artery
- internal jugular vein
- vagus nerve
6
Q
retropharyngeal space complications
A
-abscess can rupture in to the space and infect superior mediastinum
7
Q
platysma innervation
A
CN 7
Facial
8
Q
sternocleidomastoid innervation
A
CN XI
spinal accessory
and branches C2 and C3
9
Q
posterior triangle borders
A
- sternocleidomastoid
- trapezius
- clavicle
10
Q
posterior triangle floor
A
- anterior scalene
- middle/superior scalene
- levator scapulae
- splenius capitus
11
Q
posterior triangle muscles
A
omohyoid
12
Q
posterior triangle vasculature
A
- subclavian artery/vein
- external jugular artery/vein
13
Q
posterior triangle nerves
A
- accessory nerve
- phrenic nerve
- brachial plexus
14
Q
posterior triangle regions
A
- separated by omohyoid
- occipital triangle = superior
- supraclavicular = inferior
15
Q
anterior triangle borders
A
- mandible
- anterior cervical midline
- SCM
16
Q
suprahyoid region
A
- superior part of anterior triangle
- divided by digastric
- submental triangle
- submandibular triangle
17
Q
infrahyoid region
A
- inferior part of anterior triangle
- separated by superior omohyoid
- muscular triangle
- carotid triangle
18
Q
submental triangle borders
A
- digastric
- hyoid
- cervical midline superior to hyoid
19
Q
submental triangle floor
A
- geniohyoid
- mylohyoid
20
Q
submental triangle contents
A
- superior aspect of anterior jugular vein
- nerve to mylohyoid
21
Q
submandibular triangle borders
A
- mandible
- anterior and posterior bellies of digastric
22
Q
submandibular floor
A
- hypoglossus
- mylohyoid
23
Q
submandibular triangle contents
A
- submandibular gland
- hypoglossal nerve
- lingual artery/vein
- submental artery/vein
- facial artery exits
24
Q
carotid triangle borders
A
- omohyoid
- digastric
- SCM
25
carotid triangle vasculature
-external jugular vein
carotid sheath
- internal jugular vein
- common carotid artery
26
carotid triangle nerves
- ansa cervicalis
- hypoglossal nerve
- vagus nerve
27
muscular triangle borders
- superior omohyoid
- SCM
- cervical midline inferior to hyoid
28
muscular triangle visceral contents
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- pharynx
29
muscular triangle muscles
- omohyoid
- sternohyoid
- thyrohyoid
- sternothyroid
30
eye muscle nerves
LR6 SO4 AO3
- lateral rectus = abducens
- superior oblique = trochlear
- all others = oculomotor
31
carotid body
- bifurcation of common carotid
- measure O2
- glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
32
carotid sinus
- internal carotid
- measures BP
- glossopharyngeal nerves
33
external carotid branches
"some anatomists like freaking out poor medical students"
- superior thyroid (anterior)
- ascending pharyngeal (posterior)
- lingual (anterior)
- facial (anterior)
- occipital (posterior)
- posterior auricular (posterior)
terminal branches
- maxillary
- superficial temporal
34
mylohyoid
- innervation: trigeminal nerve
| - elevates hyoid
35
geniohyoid
- innervation: hypoglossal nerve
| - pulls hyoid anterosuperiorly
36
stylohyoid
- innervation: facial nerve
| - elevates and retracts hyoid
37
digastric
- innervation anterior: trigeminal
- innervation posterior: facial
- depresses mandible, raises hyoid
38
strap muscles innervation
- sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid innervated by ansa cervicalis
- thyrohyoid innervated by hypoglossal
39
thyroid vascular supply
- superior and inferior thyroid arteries
- superior = superior pole
- inferior = posterior thyroid
- inferior, middle, superior thyroidal veins
40
olfactory nerve
- CN 1
- sense of smell
- brainstem origin: retina
41
optic nerve
- CN 2
- nerve of vision
- brainstem origin: forebrain
42
oculomotor nerve
- CN 3
- motor to superior/media/inferior rectus; inferior oblique; levator palebrae superioris
- brainstem origin: midbrain
43
trochlear nerve
- CN 4
- motor to superior oblique
- brainstem origin: midbrain
44
trigeminal nerve
- CN 5
- ophthalmic division: sensory
- maxillary division: sensory
- mandibular division: sensory; motor to muscle of mastication
- brainstem origin: pons
45
abducent nerve
- CN 6
- motor to lateral rectus
- brainstem origin: pons
46
facial nerve
- CN 7
- motor and sensory functions
- brainstem origin: pons
47
vestibulocochlear nerve
- CN 8
- hearing, equilibrium, and motion
- brainstem origin: pons
48
glossopharyngeal nerve
- CN 9
- motor, sensory, and taste
- brainstem origin: medulla
49
vagus nerve
- CN 10
- sensory and motor
- brainstem origin: medulla
- most posterior in carotid sheath
50
spinal accessory nerve
- CN 11
- motor to SCM and trapezius
- arises from ventral motor neurons in upper 5 or 6 cervical vertebrae
51
hypoglossal nerve
- CN 12
- motor to tongue
- brainstem origin: medulla
52
pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
-joins glossopharyngeal (CN 9) branches to form pharyngeal plexus
53
superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
- divides into internal/external laryngeal branches
| - internal involved with coughing reflex
54
recurrent laryngeal branches of vagus nerve
- sensory below vocal cord
| - motor to larynx except cricothyroid
55
cervical sympathetic trunk
- inferior, middle, superior ganglia
| - autonomic nerve fibers
56
cervical plexus
- formed from ventral rami C1-C5 roots
| - motor and cutaneous sensation
57
thyroid and tracheostomy
have to divide the isthmus for access to the trachea
58
thyroid-nerve relationships
- recurrent nerve arises at inferior thyroid artery bifurcation to innervate larynx
- external laryngeal nerve at bifurcation of superior thyroid artery
- thyroid as sympathetic nerve fibers from cervical sympathetic ganglia that are vasomotor
59
embryology remnants
- pyramidal lobe most common variant (remnant of thyroglossal duct)
- have to dissect out middle of hyoid or it will reoccur
60
thyroid nodules
-benign nodules common (functioning or non-functioning)
61
goiter
- diffuse associated with iodine deficiency
- toxic overproduces hormones
- non-toxic normal or underproducing hormones
- symptoms due to compression of trachea/esophagus
62
primary hyperparathyroidism
-gland misfunction causes increased PTH
63
secondary hyperparathyroidism
- end stage renal disease causes phosphate levels to increase which decreases calcium levels
- PTH then increases due to negative feedback of decreased calcium
- treat with kidney transplant
64
thyroid and calcium regulation
- C cells in thyroid secrete calcitonin to decrease Ca levels
- parathyroid secretes PTH to increase Ca levels
65
cricoid cartilage
- inferior portion divide larynx and trachea
| - only cartilage that completely encircles
66
larynx/trachea cartilages
- thyroid
- cricoid
- arytenoid
- corniculate
- cuneiform
- epiglottis
- tracheal rings
67
vocal cord muscles
all innervated by recurrent laryngeal except cricothyroid which is innervated by superior laryngeal
68
oral vestibule
- space between teeth, gums, lips, and cheeks
| - cheek comprised of buccinator
69
oral cavity proper
- dental arches = lateral and anterior
- hard/soft palate = roof
- oropharynx = posterior
70
parotid gland duct
small papilla on mucosa opposite of upper 2nd molar
71
divisions of pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
72
nasopharynx
- internal nares to soft palate
- pharyngeal and tubal tonsils
- orifice of auditory tube
73
oropharynx
- area posterior to mouth
- digestive function
- passage for air
74
tonsils
- correct name is palantine
| - blood supply tonsillar artery
75
tonsillar ring (waldeyer's)
- help preserve sterility of digestive tract
- circular band of lymphatic tissue
- includes palatine, nasopharyngeal, and lingual tonsils
76
laryngopharynx
-superior epiglottis to inferior cricoid
77
pharynx sensory innervation
- pharyngeal plexus supplied by glossopharyngeal
| - exception is nasopharynx mucus membrane is maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
78
pharynx motor innervation
-pharyngeal plexus supplied from vagus nerve
79
constrictors
- constrict wall of pharynx during swallowing
| - innervated by pharyngeal plexus
80
zenker's diverticulum
- most frequently elderly males
- dysphagia, foul breath, aspiration, regurgitation, left neck mass
- failure of cricopharyngeus muscle to relax during swallowing
81
layers of scalp
```
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
```
82
ear landmarks
- helix
- antihelix
- tragus
- antitragus
- concha
- lobule
83
muscle around mouth
orbicularis oris
84
muscles inferior to mouth
- depressor anguli oris
| - depressor labii inferioris
85
muscle from mouth to zygomatic
zygomaticus major/minor
86
forehead muscle
frontalis
87
muscles superior to mouth
- levator labii superioris
| - levator anguli oris
88
muscle around eye
orbicularis oculi
89
vermillion border
outer border of lips
90
oral commissure
corner where lips meet
91
arteries of the face
- occipital
- temporal
- ophthalmic
- facial
- lingual
92
triangle of danger
- from vermillion border to bridge of the nose
- thrombi and infection can spread from face to cavernous sinus and pterygoid venous plexus due to lack of valves with facial vein connection
- thrombosis, meningitis, and cerebral edema are possible
93
parotid gland
-divided by facial nerve into superficial and deep lobes
94
external layer of eye
- anteriorly 1/6th is cornea
| - remaining 5/6th is sclera
95
middle layer of eye
- choroid
| - vascular supply to retina
96
iris
- anterior to lens
- contractile diaphragm
- opening is the pupils
97
ciliary processes
secrete aqueous humor
98
ciliary body
- -connects choroid to iris
| - contracts to relax the suspensory ligament which causes the lens to bulge
99
retina
-internal layer
100
retina vascular supply
-central artery of retina
101
refractive media of the eye
- cornea
- aqueous humor
- lens
- vitreous body
102
aqueous humor
- anterior compartment: between cornea and iris
| - posterior compartment: between iris and lens
103
cornea
- astigmatism is imperfection in surface
| - largely responsible for light refraction
104
vitreous body
- fills chamber between lens and retina
| - never changed or replaced
105
blowout fracture
- inferior rectus has impingement
| - eye can't look up
106
external ear
- auricle
| - external acoustic meatus
107
internal ear
vestibulocochlear organ
108
external ear sensory
- great auricular nerve
| - auriculotemporal nerve
109
tympanic membrane
- separates external from middle ear
- external sensation auriculotemporal
- internal sensation glossopharyngeal
110
middle ear
- auditory ossicles
- muscles
- chorda tympani
- pharyngotympanic tube
111
bony labyrinth
- cochlea
- vestibule
- semicircular canals
112
membranous labyrinth
-contains endolymph (Meniere's = increase)
113
position of head
utricle and sacule
114
rotation
semicircular canal
115
auditory sensation
cochlear duct
