Final Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
“Retractions” by Augustine 3
A
a. Short. makes comments about his earlier writings
b. So we have keen insight over his change in thought
c. It goes through the main things he had done
AD 427
2
Q
Explain 6 topics in DCD “City of God”
A
Rome falls 410, starts writing 412
Christians / Pagans disillusioned
- doctrine of creation: no pre-exist matter
- nature of time: God created
- creation of man: no repeat cycle of life, but linear & body/soul in union
- exist of evil: all God creates is good bc God is good; evil is privation of good
- spiritual nature of sin: sin in soul not body; spiritual; humans can’t overcome need God
- God: only find happiness in God himself (opposed to stoic ideas of social & friends)
3
Q
Marin Knoll on influence of Africa with all leaders being monks
A
“Emergence of monasticism in Africa is one of the great turning points in history”
4
Q
BB Warfield quote about the influence of St. Augustine
A
“Reformation was the victory of St. Augustine’s doctrine of grace over St. Augustine’s doctrine of the church.”
5
Q
6 key points for Augustine’s conversion in Confessions: 386
A
- Boys stripped pear tree and gave to pigs
- Loved doing evil. That’s a “picture of our own heart”
- Studied under Ambrose, answers started to satisfy
- God deliver me from lust but not yet
- Reads Bible, flung down under fig tree, Asks God “how long must it be?” Then Rom 13 “put yea on the Lord Jesus”
- What I feared to lose is now a joy to give up
6
Q
5 challenges Augustine had as a Bishop
A
Writing: Confessions, City of God, De Trinitate, Retractions Preaching Fighting heresy Donatist controversy Palagian controversy
7
Q
What was the greatest favor that Posedius gave future generations?
A
hid the library of Augustine
8
Q
5 points about purpose of “Confessions”
A
Theme: praise unto God
Confessing? He is confessing about the Grace of God
Purpose: encourage church to appreciate Grace of God
first 2/3rds about confession
Book 1, Chptr 1 “Great art thou, O Lord…”
9
Q
5 sections in City of God
A
1-5: answers pagans who blame Christians
6-10: critique paganism / philosophers
11-14: origin of the two cities (city of man / city of God)
15-18: progress of two cities through history
19-22: destiny of the two cities
10
Q
6 Topics of City of God
A
- Doctrine of Creation: no pre-existence of matter, “out of nothing”
- God created time, just as he created matter
- Reincarnation is nonsense, existence is linear. Body & soul in union. Body is good. against gnostics
- Evil is the privation of Good. Absence of Good.
- Sin’s origin is in the soul, not the body.
- Pagan=good life was social life. Aug= good life only found in Christ
11
Q
Grand vision of City of God
A
Two cities contrasted by LOVE. Distinguished by objects of affection.
Earthly: opposed to spiritual city of God
God:
12
Q
Def of Two Cities
A
- Earthly by love of self even to the contempt of God
- -Princes are subdued by love of ruling - Heavenly by love of God himself for contempt of self
- -Princes and subjects serve one another in Love
main idea: Two cities are distinguished by object of their affection
13
Q
5 Characteristics “themes” of six days of creation (DCD)
A
1) Morning and evening
2) Progression in stages
3) Complete the number of the predestined
4) Citizens are aliens in this world: 58 passages in DCD, we are passing thru
5) Being alien is key to understand who we are
14
Q
6 days of human history
A
- Adam to Noah
- Noah to Abraham
- Abraham to David
- David to Babylonian captivity
- Captivity to birth of Christ
- Christ to the end of the world
15
Q
3 points about Citizens & DCD
A
- Enjoyment
- -As Christians, we are to use the things of this life but only find enjoyment of God himself
- -Don’t need to reject things of earthly world, but enjoy in Him, contempt for things of earth - Peace
- -“Eternal peace we find in heaven, earthly peace by comparison is misery”
- -As aliens seek it, use it, but that’s not why we’re here, “solace in the midst of misery”
- -Are fools to give hearts to anything of this world - church
- -Catholic thinks: One to one correspondence bt church and city of God
- -But eschatological Church of end times is more accurate
- -Perfect church of the future where we as aliens as city of God are awaiting self fulfillment
16
Q
6 thoughts of Early church fathers on “End times (eschatological) return of Christ”
A
- Justin Martyr, 7 days of creation, 7 millennia of human history, first pre-millennialist
- Irenaeus, millennium and physical pleasures
- Origen, allegorical interpretation, what is an Alexandrian to do, apocalyptic
- Great Persecution, Galerius identified with the beast
- Constantine victory, some thought maybe this is the “golden era” or beginning of the millennium
- Moving up to the year 1000 discussed as the end times
17
Q
Augustine 6 thoughts on end times, eschatology, return of Christ
A
- Millennium begins with first advent of Christ
- Church age, saints reign with Christ (both departed and still living)
- Satan bound for 1000 years, hindered
- First resurrection is spiritual
- Second resurrection is return of Christ, judgment
- Thrones in Rev 20 are ecclesiastical authority, saints reign with him throughout time
Leans to A-millennial with best fit
18
Q
Crede, ut intelligas
A
I believe that I might understand
19
Q
4 reasons to write De Trinitate
A
a. Writing to exalt the grace and glory of God
b. Passion in himself to understand
c. God the father love and love and love bt them.
d. Procession of the holy spirit
20
Q
Soteriology of Arianism
A
- while all Pelagians are not necessarily Arians,
2. all Arians are Pelagians
21
Q
3 analogies of De Trinitate in man
A
a. Memory, intelligence, will
b. Mind, knowledge of itself, love of itself
c. Lover, loved, love between them
22
Q
5 point Background on the Donatist schism
A
a. Temples were not large enough to handle all the apostates
b. Only 3 bishops were there for consecration instead of typical 12.
c. Felix was suspected of traditio (gave copies of bible to authorities to be burned) an act of apostacy
d. Caecilian not recognized as official.
e. Donatist would head the new schism: Movement continued to grow, Very pop among peasants, Gained dominance by time Aug became bishop
23
Q
5 areas of Augustine’s concern over Donatist for 40 years
A
a. Church of africa was so deeply divided
b. Division of the body of christ was inconceivable
c. wrote 18 works to address the donatist problem
d. In N. Africa, two churches of Catholic or Donatist. He wanted them united.
e. Donatists rebaptized those in order to join faith. This was very offensive.
24
Q
Aug v Don: The Church is Catholic 5
A
a. Dons denied that catholic
b. Dons were saying church was geographically limited
c. Aug said church is house of god and house built all over the world
d. Believe dons had tried to usurp the glory of God
e. There can’t be two who are great Dons and God, only one is great…God
25
Aug v Don: Separation is Evil 4
a. Whoever is sep from the church, shall not have life but anger of God rest on him
b. No salvation outside the church
c. Calvin, "show me the true church and I'll answer that"
d. Schism is evil sep
26
Aug v Don: Holiness of church 8
a. Crux of matter, how to define purity of the church
b. Must be pure
c. Dons said entire church is unholy bc of communion
d. Church is corpus per mixom=church is a mixed body, not just made up of the righteous
e. Dons misunderstand the nature of the church, -Aug
f. In the church, offenses are frequent. Wheat is full of the wheat and chaf.
g. Aug says your body is not pure either. Both churches are full of people who are sinners.
h. John says that if any man sins, we have an advocate with the father
27
Aug v Don: Preeminence of charity 6
a. Christian charity cannot be preserved except for existence of the church
b. Extend over the whole earth
c. Aug, to Dons, "you adore him in the head but blaspheme him in the body"
d. The severing is taking place in the Dons
e. Aug: Absense of charity is not just hate of charity but hate of Holy spirit
f. Aug: w/o charity, they possess no saving faith
28
Aug v Don: Sacrament of baptism 7
a. Catholic is the only true church
b. Don baptism valid if person joins Catholic church later
c. When man corrects his err, then goes Catholic, no baptism necessary.
d. baptism does not depend on the piety of person baptizing you.
e. Not willing to connect piety of clergy and quality of baptism.
f. Dons were Cath first before Dons so still connected to Cath church
g. Cyprian's view was that they needed to rebaptize.
29
Aug v Don: Pastoral concern 6
a. Aug "there is one holy catholic and apostolic church: Can not separate"
b. Passion to bring the Dons back. Healed by the medicine of peace.
c. Let charity cover a multitude of sins.
d. Aug did witness some dons return to the cath church.
e. Some Dons returned to Cath bc persecution. Aug semi agreed, "love and do what you will" this was the persecution. Aug- no salvation other than in the cath church, Life or death.
f. "cath church alone is body christ. He is it's head, savior of it's body, the holy spirit gives life to no one outside this body.
30
Aug v Pel Background 10
a. From Brittain, shows up in Rome and going to leave in 410
b. Leave Rome, go to Africa to Hippo but Aug was Gone.
c. Colestious, lawyer and friend, stays in Af. Applies as presbyter, and in Carthage accuses him of heretical.
d. Julian Bishop in Italy who ends up the target of Aug called "Against Julian"
e. Pelagius goes on to palestine. In Palestine wide opposition to Pelagius, Colestious and their views.
f. Senate led by Bishop Ceseria, but colestious views moderately condemned by Pelagius that his disciple had been misunderstood. Pelagius escaped condemnation. He faired better in the East.
g. Bishop Innocent of Rome, dies before ruling made against Pelagius.
h. 200 af bishops stated opp to Pelagius. New pope of Rome agreed and condemned Pelagius and Colestius.
i. Bishop Julian disagreed. Died around 450.
j. Council of Ephesus condemned Nestorianism and Pelagianism at same time.
31
Pelagius views 5
a. Remember that early fathers in opp to Gnosticism gave more room to effort of man so may have been more open to Pelagianism.
b. What did the church believe about the doctrine of Man?
c. Sin – complete moral ability
i. Adam created mortal
ii. Adam's sin injured only himself. Those after Adam actually sinless. Adam left a bad ex or role model for society not worse.
iii. Some saints in OT had lived sinless life
iv. Both the law and gospel could lead to the Kingdom
v. We can live w/o sin if we "will" to do it
vi. Ea person has moral responsibility to pursue life of obedience to god
d. Grace – God’s will made known in Christ
God's revelation of his will to us.
e. Predestination – foreknowledge of human decisions
i. Simply knows what decisions we will make and whether we'll follow or not. Free will
ii. God's will for humans has been made known. Predest is His foreknowledge.
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Aug response to Pelagianism 4
a. Wrote 15 books on Palegianism
i. Nature and Grace
ii. On Original Sin
iii. Argued against at every time he could
b. Sin – original sin from Adam, Total depravity
i. Privation of Good.
ii. Man created immortal and would have remained so if man not sinned
iii. Original sin biblical. Think: hereditary disease, transmitted biologically.
iv. Total depravity of man. John 15: I'm the vine you are the branches and apart from me you can do no good thing.
v. Personally impt to Aug bc of his own testimony.
vi. Will of man must be renewed after the fall of man and his view actually changes by God.
vii. Faith is a gift and grace is given that we might believe. Implication of the fall.
c. Grace – changing the will; faith is a gift, irresistible
i. God's grace actually changes his will.
ii. Holy spirit changes this disposition.
d. Predestination – salvation viewed from eternity, unconditional
i. Rom 9, Aug modified his own views. What God does in time to renew the sinner he will do in eternity.
ii. Salvation viewed from the point of view of eternity.
iii. God passing over the non-elect. Leaves some in their sin and chooses to deliver others. Undeniable fact and mystery.
33
Aug on Human Will 4
1. State of Innocence
a. Posse peccare (able to sin) freedom of contrary choice. To sin or not to has freedom. True feedom to choose.
b. Posse non peccare (able not to sin)
2. Fallen state
a. Non posse non peccare (unable not to sin) i.e. sin is inevitable, sin nature, man is fallen
b. Gen 3 shows things changed.
3. State of grace
a. Given the gift of the holy spirit
b. Posse peccare (able to sin)
c. Posse non peccare (able not to sin)
4. State of glory
a. The great hope
b. Non posse peccare (unable to sin) true freedom of the will, same will that God himself had. Human beings will be like God when joining God. Unable to sin because unable to sin. The great hope that I have.
34
Semi Pelagianism
1. People: John Cassian, Vincent of Lerins, Faustus of Riez
2. Sin – partial moral ability
3. Grace – man moves, God comes to his aid
4. Predestination – conditional foreknowledge
5. A summary of what Isaiah preached
6. Both judgments and the promise of salvation
35
Aftermath of the Debate
1. Pelagianism condemned at Council of Ephesus, 431
2. Semi-Pelagianism condemned at Council of Orange, 529, the contrast between the folly of Israel’s present and God’s design for Israel
3. Moderate Augustinian view
a. Sin – moral inability
b. Grace – prevenient, then man responds in faith
c. Predestination – no reprobation
4. Medieval church moves back toward Semi-Pelagianism
36
Christianity in Egypt 6
a. Bible and liturgy in Coptic
b. Influence of monasticism
i. From the fruit of this development, influenced western church
ii. One of reasons that eastern orthodoxy is so ingrained
c. Faith survives in Arabic and Islamic culture
i. Tolerated the Coptics
d. By 10th century Copts are minority in Egypt
i. Had to live in sep community, diff clothing, evangelism against the law
ii. Cut off from rest of church in many ways
iii. But did maintain independence
e. Crusades
i. Cops would come under suspicion bc of crusades and Af worried they would spread
f. Persecuted today
i. Continued to survive
37
Christianity in Nubia
a. Coptic Christianity into Nubia
i. Modern Sudan
ii. Monosticite=one nature
b. Nubian Christianity develops
i. This part of Af had never been part of Roman emp.
ii. Arabs made treaties with Nubians
iii. They looked to the byzantine church and then went same way as the Cops.
c. Persecution in 12th century
i. Christian kingdom of Nubia, church buildings destroyed.
d. By 1500 Christianity almost disappeared
38
Christianity in Ethiopia
a. Merchants from Syria spread gospel (Frumentius, Aedesius)
i. Even further down African coast
ii. Abuna bishop of Egypt
b. Crown, church, and Amharic (indiginous language of Ethiopia) culture intertwined
c. Unique identity with Jewish heritage
d. Tension with Muslims
i. Increased as the Arabs moved down
ii. By 16th C Muslim generals started to take over
e. Catholicism in Ethiopia
i. Population disliked the Cath trying to rebaptize them
f. Ethiopian tradition of Christianity
i. Litergy points back to Alexandrian influence
ii. Much of christianity is a part of peasant life.
iii. There are now protestant churchs but still have muslim churhes which causes tensions that still are a struggle today.
g. Controversy over the sabbath.
39
7 Key differences bt East Orth & West
a. Date of Easter, orth celebrates a week later
b. Celibacy of clergy, orth can not marry after vs west cath had to be celebate
c. Clergy hairstyle, ponsur cut
d. Use of unleavened bread
e. Purgatory, east rejects doctrine
f. Papal primacy, in east bishops coligially made decision in church. Vs west was focused on one person
g. Filioque, nicene creed 381 says holy spirit precedes from the father,
40
Two turning points of E. Orth separation
a. Photian schism (858-880)
i. Bishop of Rome, bridge was healed but only temp.
b. “The Great Schism” (1054) bt Rom church and E Orth church
i. Reps of pope from Rome went to constantinople laid on high alter sentence of denunciation. Patriarch responded by condemning the pope.
On the eve of the reformation, there were attempts to bring the E back with W. But neither side was happy. Luther had a real desire for this to happen and felt the E church was closer in faith to protestant than Cath.
41
Understanding the Crusades
b. Penitential pilgrimages, had become way of life for Christianity, going to holy land and offering alms to the poor. Cutting off this pilgrimage brought anger.
c. Islamic conquests
d. Defensive war (persecution)Christians felt this was their land.
e. Regaining lost property, real estate belongs to the Christian church
f. Cruelty on both sides, plenty of cruelty on both sides, slaughter all the inhabitants.
42
How do you square Christianity with warefare? 3 ways
Pacifism: Anabaptists were pacifists.
Just war (defense against evil) – Augustine, comprehensive. Thomas Aquinas also wrote but quoted Aug.
1) Legitimate authority (under a ruler), put there by God, subjects in army is a lagit calling.
2) Just cause of avenging injuries (attacked)
3) Righteous intention (restore peace), truly Christian spirit makes the goal NOT revenge but to bring about peace.
v. Luther usually blamed for just war theory. During the peasant revolt, Luther gave the green light.
Crusader (promotion of good), in addition to defending oneself may take initiative for the greater good.
iv. Reformation era – combination of all three positions (Calvin & John Knoxx, war may be just) evil sovereign? Ok to overthrow. this can only be done under the auspices of the majesty.
43
8 crusades names
1st crusade (1095-1099) – Capture Jerusalem,
2nd crusade (1145-1148) – Defeat and retreat
3rd crusade (1187-1191) – Negotiate access to Jerusalem
4th crusade (1198-1204) – Sack of Constantinople
5th crusade (1217-1221) – St. Francis in Egypt
6th crusade (1228-1229) – Treaty for access to Jerusalem
7th crusade (1248-1250) – Gain and loss in Egypt
8th crusade (1267-1272) – Acre falls to Muslims in 1291
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6 Results of Crusades
1. Military failures, didn't accomplish much
2. Advances in medicine/nursing, dealing with wounded caused development
3. Income taxes
4. Missionary activity, Francis and others and still to this day
5. Encouraged trade and mobility
6. Further strained East/West relations
45
Def of Caesaropapism
church and state united
E started this after pattern set by Constantine
All the councils were called for by the emperors
No patriarch could hold office without the blessing of the empire
Emp issued decrees
46
Iconoclastic controversy (726-787)
2 dimensional, paintings on pieces of wood.
Emperor Leo III bans icons
-All icons must go. Excommunicated people for use of icons.
-cannot represent the divine
controversy ended in 843 with emp saying Icons were ok.
impt: emp involved in the church.
47
Who was Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
1) Monk, known for mystical thrust. 4 treatis and 10 ltrs.
2) Talks about the union bt God and the Soul
3) 3 steps (part of process that individuals receive)
a) Purgation
b) Illumination
c) Union
48
What are the distinctives of the Eastern Orthodox tradition?
Caesaropapism
E= wanted this, Constantine started the pattern, unity of church
- All the councils were called for by the emperors
- No patriarch could hold office without the blessing of the empire
- Emp issued decrees
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Anselm "Satisfaction Theory" Cur Deus Homo
Satisfaction which cannot by given by anyone but God, and ought to be given by no one but man, must be given by the Godman
50
Cluniac reform movement begins 910
return to strict Benedictine rule by Pope
| powershift away from German Kings
51
Pope Greggory VIII (1033)
claims he has Absolute sovereignty over the emperors and all others
known as Hildebrand
52
Fourth Lateran Council 1215
71 patriarchs/metropolitans, 412 bishops
Innocent III presents 70 decrees/canons, most powerful bishop of Rome
asking bishops to ratify what Innocent III already decided
53
Biggest canons of 4th Lateran Council
Canon 1: transubstantiation = officially teaching bread and wine real body and blood of Christ
Canon 5: proc of papal primacy = Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem
Canon 14-17: conduct of clergy, no more drunkenness, horse races, plays
Canon 18: Priests can't perform surgery
Canon 21: forced annual confession
Canon 78-79: Jews and Muslims must wear special dress
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Canon vs Decree
Canon: rule of life or discipline
Decree: authoritative pronouncement
55
Interdict
Pope announces all regular services of the church (sacrements) are forbidden: no baptism, no lord supper, no burials, no weddings. Used to humble the church and political leaders. Used as instrument to enforce their will.
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study of theology
"queen of sciences"
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Doctorates offered 3 topics
Medicine, Legal, and Theology
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12th C known as
theological renaissance
New social and economic caused more writing
Paris and Oxford (1150)
Universities – charters from popes
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Anselm of Canterbury
1093 – archbishop of Canterbury
Credo ut intelligam, Proslogion, explain theological problem w/ reason "faith seeking understanding"
Ontological argument
Known as keen intellect "how many angels can dance on head of pin"
Doctrine of atonement and christology inseparable
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Anselm's Ontological argument
Explanation for exist of God
Something that is the greatest of all since conception
This being must exist
There has to be some reality that there's nothing greater than God
There's nothing greater than God can be conceived by the human mind
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Anselm's idea on (anselm's term) = substitution
**** a) Satisfaction which cannot by given by anyone but God, and ought to be given by no one but man, must be given by the Godman
b) Since human, must give sacrifice to God. Only god can bring satisfaction and only man that could pay it. Bc of perfection of Christ there was some merit. Reward given to man.
*** c) Anselm makes very impt distinction about the job of Christ as the intermediary
d) Prof thinks we'll never really fully understand this
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Peter Abelard (1079-1142)
Condemned as heretic but still very important. Bc moves church in rationalistic ideal.
Quite a great orator, large crowds, lots of enemies…some of the monks tried to poison him in the communion line.
Theological method – Christian rationalism
i. Apply logic and reason. All doctrine explained rationally.
ii. I only believe what I can understand
III. Began to crack the door toward rationalism.
Mentioned
63
Influence – Peter Lombard
disciple of Abelard
i. Rather orthodox.
ii. Quoted scriptures and writings of fathers.
iii. One of the books that everyone had to read.
Longterm it was through lombards sentences ? Tend to be orthodox.
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Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)
Did not agree with Abelard, great tension
Convinced Abelard was undermining everything we are about
Best work of theology is done in the context of pursuing God and pursuing spiritual life
Theology is a spiritual activity not a pursuit of rationalism
Born in Burgundy,Est 70 monasteries in his life time, helped to est another 100
11. Bernard attacks Abelard
a. Initially wanted public debate, intimidated and then went to debate
b. Tension didn't go well.
12. Council of Sins
a. Enabled the council to make him guilty before Abelard even showed up so Ab saw that it immediately wasn't fair. Bernard lined up bishops already
Manipulous doctor. "impossible to love Jesus more than bernard" -Luther
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3 phases education & work in the church
Monasticism
Cathedral Schools
Universities
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Bernard and the Bible
a. Writings were just laced with the scripture. Ea week recite out 150 psalms
b. Experience god himself in the bible.
c. Christ daily comes to us through the spirit
c. Chewing and digesting the honey of the scriptures.
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Bernard "On Loving God"
a. 4 degrees of love (myst transition towards union of God)
i. Love ourselves
ii. Love god for sake of His goodness
iii. Love god for god's sake alone (just bc God is, we love him. More pure form of love)
iv. Love ourselves for God's sake (losing yourself as if you no longer existed. Losing yourself in God. God's will becomes your will. Full extent happen only in heaven)
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Bernard sermons on "Song of Songs"
a. Kissing feet repentence
b. Kissing hand is guide of mercy
c. Kiss mouth is picture for us sweet embrace of His love
d. Breath of bride and bride groom.
Still loved by many for his incites
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Favorite qte of Bernard
"He who takes himself for a master, becomes the disciple of a fool." -bernard
we all need mentors
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Medieval philosophy
1. Realism
a. Reality beyond the things that we see. Universals are real. i.e. does the redness only exist in the red object that we see? OR Is there a concept of redness in our mind before we come to the object that helps us to understand it
2. Nominalism
a. Universals are real, the idea of redness pre-exists and allows us to understand it. These are only names.
3. Conceptualism
a. Universals do belong to the realm of fault but also stand for something that is there.
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Collin Brown (good incite on danger of phil & Christian faith)
"It is difficult to tell which is the more disastrous consequence, the distortion of Christian teaching by forcing it upon non Christian ideas, or by the fact that when such ideas were attacked by later critics the critics believed they had disposed Christianity itself."
if you make inseparable link bt faith and rationalistic explanations, therefore Christianity is illegitimate. negative all around.
big diff bt Cath and Prot is the use of philosophy bc it became more integrated into Cath.
72
the 7 sacraments as means of Grace
1. Baptism
2. Confirmation
3. Penance
4. Eucharist (mass and communion)
5. Unction (“extreme unction”) last rights
6. Marriage: cannot be violated so have to get annulment
7. Orders (ordination)
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St. Thomas Aquinas background
1. “Angelic Doctor”
2. Summa Theologiae massive work. Search: Newadvent.org
3. Story about brothers not wanting him to be monk, locked him in room for 5 days with a prostitute. He chased her out with a hot poker from the fire.
4. Thomas could simultaneously keep 4 stenographers busy. One of the greatest minds anyone of God's people.
5. Believed Aristotle,
6. Method – questions, objections, authorities, logic
74
Aquinas 5 ways / proof for God's existence
a. Argument from movement
b. Arg from causality
c. Arg from existence
d. Arg from notion of perfection
e. Arg from Order
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Innovations of Aquinas
become Cath orthodoxy. Very important for the church.
a. You never find a place where he is questioned by the church
b. Thomas always looked to the past and quoted the church fathers
c. Never anything unorthodox accused of Thomas
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Aquinas on Transubstantiation
a. Brings about not just changing of the form but changing of the whole being
b. Bread and wine a complete change
c. Talking about substance is the inner essence, what makes it what it is in it's simplest form.
d. Accidents are the outward characteristic of something: ie. eye color, hair color.
e. Substance of humanity is our reason, our rationality
f. The substance changes, the inner essence of the bread and wine changes and becomes body and blood, yet the accidents remains bread and wine.
g. Good illustration of faith and philosophy
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Aquinas Relationship of grace and merit (chief controversial issue that prot has)
a. Grace is infused into the human soul by God's gift, (grace is a substance) now it must be exercised through acts of charity and when we do that we accrue merit from God. and when we do that, this merit must overcome our sin
b. Go through penance or through the treasury of the saints. Some have more merit than they need. You may be granted something known as an indulgence. So some that have excess merit in their account can be given to others that need more merit.
c. Grace comes first but there something we have to do.
d. He cannot merit the first grace. Then acts of charity.
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Who was Augustine of Hippo? Significant contribution to the church? 12 points
```
354-430
Author: Confessions, City of God, De Trinitate, Retractions, many others
Preacher
Fought heresy
Donatist controversy
Palagian controversy
matter out of nothing
evil is privation of good
two cities distinguished by object of affection
6 days of human history in creation theme
End times eschatology
I believe that I might understand
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79
What was significance of City of God?
1. Earthly by love of self even to the contempt of God
- -Princes are subdued by love of ruling
2. Heavenly by love of God himself for contempt of self
- -Princes and subjects serve one another in Love
main idea: Two cities are distinguished by object of their affection
1. use of platonism, "I think I praised philosophers too much"
2. Doctrine of Creation: no pre-existence of matter, "out of nothing"
3. God created time, just as he created matter
4. Reincarnation is nonsense, miserable. Body & soul in union. Body is good.
5. Evil is the privation of Good. Absence of Good.
6. Sin's origin is in the soul, not the body.
7. Pagan=good life was social life. Aug= good life only found in Christ
80
How did Augustine respond to Donatist schism?
Dons: sect leading to schism 4th- 6th C
(believe church geographically, denied cath church, tried to usurp the glory of God, only God is great)
Argued that Christian clergy must be faultless for their ministry to be effective and their prayers and sacraments to be valid.
Argued the validity of sacraments was a property of the priesthood independent of individual character.
Argued Dons misunderstand the nature of the church
Argued Cath only true church
Argued Baptism doesn't depend on holiness of clergy
Dons were persecuted, after Emp Honorius condemned as heretical, to such severity that Aug protested their treatment.
Finally council of Trent 1563 supports Aug belief that it's not about the holiness of clergy but the worth of the victim and holiness of Christ.
81
Who was St. Patrick? Significant contribution to the church?
82
Who was Cassiodorus? Significant contribution to the church?
83
Who was Boethius? Significant contribution to the church?
84
Who was Gregory the Great? Significant contribution to the church?
85
Who was Alcuin? Significant contribution to the church?
86
How does the monastic tradition understand Christian spirituality?
87
Who was Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite? Significant contribution to the church?
88
Describe distinctives of Eastern Orthodox tradition?
89
Who was Pope Innocent III? Significant contribution to the church?
90
Who was Bernard of Claivaux? Significant contribution to the church?
91
Who was Francis of Assisi? Significant contribution to the church?
92
Who was Anselm? Significant contribution to the church?
93
Who was Peter Abelard? Significant contribution to the church?
94
Who was Tomas Becket? Significant contribution to the church?
95
Who was Thomas Aquinas? Significant contribution to the church?
96
What was scholasticism? How did Abelard & Aquinas contribute?
97
How did Bernard of Clairvaux impact church of his day?
98
Who was John Hus? Significant contribution to the church?
99
Who was Savonarola? Significant contribution to the church?
100
Who was John Wycliffe? Significant contribution to the church?
101
Who was William of Ockham? Significant contribution to the church?
102
What were some of the medieval attempts at reform in the church?
103
Why is John Wycliffe important for Protestantism?
104
Sin; Grace; Predestination
| Pelagian, Augustinian, Semi-Pelagian, Mod. Augustinian
Pelagian= Complete moral ability; God's will made known in Christ; Foreknowledge of human decisions
Augustine= Total depravity; Irresistible; Unconditional
Semi-Pelagian= Partial moral ability; Man moves, God comes to his aid; Conditional foreknowledge
Mod. Aug.= Moral inability; prevenient, then man responds in faith; no reprobation
