final Flashcards by Sunnie Roderique

used to decrease scatter from reaching the film, placed between patient and IR

grids

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cathode end of tube is

negative

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diagnostic x rays are considered

low dose

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the amount of overall blackening on a film

radiographic density

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the degree to which the study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in the patient

diagnostic efficiency

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reduction in the number of primary photons in the x ray beam through absorption & scatter as the beam passes through the patient

attenuation

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undesirable, increase in overall density & decrease detail, on a completed image caused by scatter radiation

radiographic fog

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alpha, beta, neutrons & protons, all subatomic particles that are ejected from the nucleus of atoms at very high speeds

particulate radiation

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the transfer of energy that can remove orbital electron from the atoms from which they are attached

ionization

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variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number

isotopes

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effective measures employed by radiation workers to safe guard patients, personnel, and the public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation

radiation protection

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the exit or imaging forming photons

remnant radiation

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used to measure risk of exposure to humans (whole body)

effective dose

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product of the average absorbed dose in a tissue or organ

equivalent dose

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radiation consisting of characteristic photons

characteristic radiation

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primary x ray photons that traverse a patient without interacting

direct transmission

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the quantity used in accessing the radiation risk

dose area product

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differences in gray levels

radiographic contrast

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below a certain radiation level or dose, no biologic effects are observed

threshold dose

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skin reddening, hair loss, fever, blood disorders, fatigue, nausea

early tissue effects

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late tissue effects

cataracts, fibrosis, organ atrophy, loss of cells, reduced fertility, sterility

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late stochastic effects

cancer & genetic affects

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increase SID if there is large OID

air gap technique

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beneficial results for populations continuously exposed to small amounts of radiation

radiation hormesis

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as kVp increases what happens to patient dose

decreases

as mAs increases what happens to patient dose

increases

the amount of absorption needed to decrease the intensity of the beam by half

HVL (half value level)

the ability to duplicate exposures at a set combination of kVp, mAs, and mA for repeated exposures

reproducibility

changes to those yet unborn

genetic damage

what method is used to to answer patients questions about the amount of radiation they receive in a way they can understand, helps control fear / anxiety

BERT method

ORP (optimization for radiation protection) is also known as

ALARA (as low as reasonable achievable)

first American radiation worker to die from radiation induced cancer

clarence dally

A radiation survey instrument generally used in a laboratory setting to detect alpha and beta radiation and small amounts of other types of low-level radioactive contamination.

proportional counter

detects radioactive spills

geiger mueller

SSD for fixed fluoro devices

15 inches

SSD for mobile units

12 inches

what quantity of energy is needed to dislodge an inner shell electron from its atomic orbit

as large as or larger than the amount of energy that binds the electrons in its orbit

atomic mass and attenuation are ___ proportional

directly

what factors control density

mAs (quantity)

what type of radiation has the highest LET

alpha radiation

LET

linear energy transfer

leakage radiation are limited to

1 mSv or 1 mGy / hour

all directional scatter is known as

compton

thickness of lead in the bucky slot cover

.25 mm Pb

thickness of lead in the fluoro tower apron

.5 mm Pb

lead apron thickness for above 70 kVp

.5 mmPb

what type of metal is used for filtration

aluminum (Al)

2 types of filtration

inherent / added

how much filtration is needed for machines using 70 kVp and above

2.5 mm

what happens when filtration is added to the tube of the x-ray

quality of beam increases & quantity decreases

health care facilities are required to provide dosimeters when personnel may receive _____ of the annual occupational EfD in any month

10%

where is a normal, one badge, worn

@ collar level

where is a fetal monitor or 2nd badge worn during fluoro

waist under apron

what is used for monitoring x ray machine installs

ionization-chamber type survey meter

NCRP

national council on radiation protection

regulation of product/equipment designs

FDA

monitors employment *employee safety standards

OSHA

RSO & responsibility

radiation safety officer- directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, & maintenance of the ALARA program

barium & iodine have high or low atomic numbers?

high atomic numbers

higher atomic numbers have more or less attenuation?

what two interactions are most important to x ray

photoelectric & compton

what type of energy is radiation

kinetic (energy of motion)

which type of radiation has the potential to be the most ionizing

gamma rays

what are examples of electromagnetic radiation

ionizing - x rays, gamma rays non ionizing - visible light, microwaves, & radio waves

what speed do x rays travel

186000 (speed of light)

the amount of radiation received by a patient may be indicated in terms of

ESE, bone marrow dose, gonadal dose, & fetal dose

general public annual dose limit

1 mSv

occupational annual dose limit

50 mSv

how much lead is needed for a primary barrier

1/16

how much lead is needed for a secondary barrier

1/32

minimum distance a radiographer must stay from the mobile unit

6 feet

what type of switch must be used in fluoro procedures

dead man type

the order of who should be asked to hold a patient

male relative female relative non rad personnel rad personnel

fluoro time sounds after ___ mins

best way to keep image at optimal level and decrease patient dose when needed to change exposure selections

increase kVp & decrease mAs

properties of radiation (x-rays)

travel in straight lines, penetrate matter, invisible, electrically neutral, travel @ speed of light

somatic damage

damage to cells in the body by ionizing radiation

a badge worn that gives instant dose readings via app

digital badge

NCRP repot gives guidelines for

ALARA

possesses the greatest ability to absorb radiant energy

radiolucent (carbon fiber)

oversees and enforces standards of dose limits, inspection and testing on sites - nuclear energy industry

NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission)

environmental protection agency; develops and enforces regulations concerning radiation in the environment

EPA

Commission on radiologic protection; general recommendations for occupational and public dose

ICRP

what is a control badge and what is it used for

badge that sits in the workplace area & counts environmental radiation so it can be subtracted from the workers personal badges

Not enough energy to knock out an electron, all directional scatter, x-ray that comes in and goes out, adds to tech does (useless)

compton

atoms give off energy by producing a scattered x-ray but does not lose energy

coherent

x-ray comes into the nucleus and disappears an x-ray photon must have energy of at least 1.022 me V for this to occur

pair production

nucleus gets into an excited state and emits a nuclear fragment

Photodisintegration

produces radiation less effect known as auger effect, most important interaction for producing a useful image, photo electrons are a byproduct of this interaction (adds to patient dose)

Photoelectric

which takes place with an inner shell electron

Photoelectric

SI unit exposure

c/kg

SI unit air kerma

j/kg

SI unit for EqD & EfD

sieverts

solve for EqD

D times Wr

ColEfd

sv times population

pregnant workers monthly dose & gestational dose

.4msv & 5msv

lifetime dose is calculated by multiplying what two factors

10 msv times age

on a typical floral machine where is the tube located

right on top of the patient

secondary barriers

includes ceiling , control booth , & doors

what is the exposure rate per week (barriers)

1msv

prevents DIRECT or un-scattered, radiation from reaching personnel or public

primary barrier

final Flashcards

(101 cards)