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final Flashcards

1
Q

2 main types of strokes

A

ischemic
hemorrhagic

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2
Q

lacunar strokes

A

small infarcts
motor or sensory deficits

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3
Q

symptoms of hemorrhagic stroke

A

headaches
vomiting
sleepiness
agitation
restlessness

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4
Q

subclavian steal syndrome stroke

A

rare
narrowing of subclavian artery under clavicle

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5
Q

transcient ischemic attacks

A

temporary blockage that lasts less than 24 hours

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6
Q

symptoms of TIA

A

feeling blindness
hemiparesis
hemiplegia
aphasia
dizziness
double vision
staggering

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7
Q

symptoms in left sided stroke

A

right side loss of voluntary movement
impaired sensation
blind spot
aphasia
dysarthria
memory deficits

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8
Q

symptoms in right sided stroke

A

hemiparesis
hemiplegia
sensation impairment
spatial/perceptual deficits
unilateral inattention
dressing apraxia
impaired left half of visual field
impulsivity

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9
Q

anterior cerebral artery stroke

A

paralysis of lower extremity
loss of sensation
loss of conscious control of bowel
balance problems
memory impairment
whispered speech
lack of spontaneity of emotion

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10
Q

vertebrobasilar stroke

A

visual disturbances
ataxia
impaired temperature sensation
dysmetria
vertigo, dizziness
impaired ability to read/name objects
dysphagia
paralysis of face, limbs, or tongue

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11
Q

wallenberg’s syndrome

A

brainstem stroke
occlusion of vertebral or cerebellar artery

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12
Q

symptoms of wallenberg’s syndrome

A

contralateral pain/temperature loss
ipsilateral horner’s syndrome: decreased pupil size, ptosis, decreased sweating
ataxia
vertigo
dysphagia
high morbidity rate

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13
Q

hemiparesis
hemiplegia
unilateral inattention

A

weakness
paralysis
neglect

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14
Q

tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

A

emergency drug for ischemic strokes
clot-busting drug given within 3 hours, sometimes 4.5, after stroke symptoms begin
done through vein or catheter into artery

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15
Q

anticoagulants

A

2-3 week heparin therapy to prevent formation of emboli for stroke

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16
Q

warfarin

A

1-3 month stroke treatment to prevent blockages in areas that cant be treated by surgery

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17
Q

hemorrhagic medication

A

focus on controlling the bleeding and reducing pressure in the brain
lower intracranial pressure, prevent vasospasm/seizures

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18
Q

angioplasty

A

procedure used to open clogged heart arteries. involves temporarily inserting and inflating a tiny balloon where your artery is clogged to help widen it

often combined with stents to prop the artery open

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19
Q

coronary artery bypass graft

A

surgical procedure that diverts flow of blood around a section of a blocked or partially blocked artery. improves blood flow to heart muscle by creating new pathway to hear

other arteries or veins, most commonly internal mammary artery, used

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20
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction that interferes with normal breathing

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21
Q

contributing conditions to COPD

A

emphysema
chronic bronchitis
leading cause is cig smoking

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22
Q

emphysema

A

walls of the lungs are destroyed, in COPD
lungs become air sacs and lose shape

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23
Q

signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure

A

fluid retention throughout body: edema, weight gain, ascites, increased night peeing
dyspnea
chest pains
arrhythmia

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24
Q

risk factors of CHF

A

congenital birth defects, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity

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25
tools use to measure cardiopulmonary signs
heart rate monitor blood pressure monitor
26
complications of having diabetes
lower life expectancy macrovascular complications high risk of cardiovascular disease cerebrovascular disease peripheral artery disease microvascular complications: retinopathy diabetic foot periodontal disease
27
diabetes and cardiovascular disease
major cause of morbidity and mortality risk for CVD higher in women poorer outcomes
28
diabetes and cerebrovascular disease
dyslipidemia/elevated cholesterol
29
diabetes and peripheral artery disease
occurs early severity of PAD increases with duration of diabetes and presence of neuropathy intermittent claudication and resting pain poor wound healing tissue hypoxia decreased mobilization of white blood cells
30
diabetes and microvascular complications
diabetic retinopathy leading cause of blindness in adults visual loss includes macular edema, new vessel hemorrhage, retinal detachment, or neovascular glaucoma
31
diabetic neuropathy
change in kidneys end stage renal disease poor blood glucose control, HTN, smoking increases risk
32
diabetic neural complications
burning pain, stabbing, tingling, numbness
33
diabetic autonomic neuropathy
multiple systems in body affected due to damage to autonomic nerves that innervate different organs increase or decreased gastric motility bladder dysfunction sexual dysfunction
34
diabetic foot
ulcers pressure stress infection lesions go unnoticed/sensory polyneuropathy debridement amputation
35
diabetes and periodontal disease
gingivitis periodontitis poor glycemic control inhibition of cellular mechanisms that destroy bacteria
36
diabetic change in diet
monitor intake of carbohydrates small snacks to avoid hypoglycemia type 2 recommend mediterranean style diet to reduce insulin. monosaturated and omega-3 fatty acids, fresh fruits and veggies, high fiber, high protein
37
leading cause of TBI
motor vehicle accidents
38
rancho los amigos scale level 1
no response patient does not respond to external stimuli and appears asleep
39
rancho los amigos scale level 2
general response patient reacts to external stimuli in nonspecific, inconsistent, and nonpurposeful manner with with stereotypic and limited responses
40
rancho los amigos scale level 3
localized response patient response specifically and inconsistently with delays to stimuli, but may follow simple commands for motor action
41
rancho los amigos scale level 4
confused, agitated response patient exhibits bizarre, nonpurposeful, incoherent or inappropriate behaviors, has no short-term recall, attention is short and nonselective
42
rancho los amigos scale level 5
confused, inappropriate, nonagitated response patient gives random, fragmented, and nonpurposeful responses to complex or unstructured stimuli simply commands are followed consistently, memory and selective attention are impaired, and new information is not retained
43
ranchos amigos scale level 6
confused, appropriate, response patient gives context appropriate, goal-directed responses, dependent upon external input for direction there is carry-over for relearned, but not for new tasks, and recent memory problems persist
44
ranchos amigos scale level 7
automatic, appropriate response patient behaves appropriately in familiar settings, performs daily routines automatically, and shows carry-over for new learning at lower than normal rates patient initiates social interactions, but judgment remains impaired
45
ranchos amigos scale level 8
purposeful, appropriate response patient oriented and responds to the environment but abstract reasoning abilities are decreased relative to premorbid levels
46
visual deficits associated with TBI
diplopia visual field deficits accommodation convergence strabismus saccades
47
difference between rancho los amigos scale and glasgow coma scale
rlas is used in rehab, good interrater and test retest reliability. level of recovery gcs assesses coma and impaired consciousness at initial level of injury
48
burn contracture on functional performance
contracture: shortening and tightening of burn scar limits ROM and ADLS because pain
49
fluid resuscitation
administration of IV fluid for burn stabilization maintain intravascular volume for adequate perfusion and oxygenation with a least amount of fluid can cause fluid creep
50
fluid creep
fluid overloading in burns may lead to compartment syndrome: internal edema within a part of the body or often an extremity that can decrease circulation to the structure and thus putting them at risk
51
early signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis
CSF shows abnormalities in antibodies that are associated with MS spasticity, weakness, intention tremor, fatigue (most common) numbness, pain, touch, diplopia slow memory and processing speed depression, impulsivity, lability
52
typical gait pattern associated with Parkinson's
postural instability gait disorder festinating gait: short stepping, shuffling with reduced arm swing
53
gender most commonly impacted by parkinson's
male
54
gender most commonly impacted by MS
women 2/3:1
55
gender most commonly impacted by ALS
men if it begins over 70 then it's even
56
lower motor vs corticospinal tract vs corticobulbar tract in ALS
scars form on the upper motor neurons in the corticospinal pathways and the functionally linked lower motor neurons in the motor nuclei of the brainstem and the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord progressive muscular atrophy: LMN signs first, then UMN, then full ALS primary bulbar atrophy: tongue and throat muscles, speech and swallowing deficits progressive lateral sclerosis: only UMN, longer
57
common cause of death in ALS
respiratory failure pneumonia
58
common cause of death in MS
primary progressive
59
difference between rheumatic conditions
fibromyalgia has no joint imflammation
60
principles of joint protection in rheumatic diseases
Altering work methods, using orthotics, implementing assistive devices, and educating clients can reduce the impact on the involved joints and maximize independence help preserve joint structure integrity ex: large handles and wearing orthotics
61
typical symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis
symmetrically or asymmetrically one or more joints fatigue weakness lass of ROM joint guarding contractures, subluxation, ankylosis
62
typical symptoms in osteoarthritis
use-related pain and stiffness stiffness after prolonged inactivity knees, hips, hands, spine crepitus during ROM pain first, then edema, then tenderness flare ups of edema and pain after activity
63
typical symptoms in fibromyalgia
disabling pain and tenderness impacting muscles, tendons, joints fatigue and tiredness depression and anxiety sleep problems thinking, memory, concentration problems headaches
64
typical symptoms in gout
begins with inflammation usually one joint at a time primary impact in toe pain, swelling, redness, head gout flares are sudden can last whenever
65
typical symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus
fatigue discomfort fever, loss of appetite, weight loss joint pain, typically same joints on both sides skin problems exacerbations and remissions gradually gets worse, affects organs
66
level of injury at C1-C3
limited movement of head and neck breathing: ventilator communication: limited ADL: assistive technology mobility: electric wheelchair
67
level of injury at C4
head and neck control usually breathing: initially ventilator, adjust to without communication: normal ADL: limited dependence
68
level of injury at C5
typically head and neck control, shoulder control, bend elbows and turn up palms ADL: independence, maybe set-up health care: manage own mobility: short distance strength, driving might be possible
69
level of injury at C6
movement in head, neck, shoulders, arms, wrists. can bend elbows, turn and bend wrists ADL: specialized equipment, independent health care: independent pressure relief mobility: maybe need a sliding board for transfers. manual wheelchair or power
70
level of injury at C7
similar movement as C6, can straighten elbows ADL: few adaptive aids health care: wheelchair pushups for pressure reliefs mobility: daily use of manual wheelchair. easy transfer
71
level of injury at C8-T1
added strength and precision of fingers ADL: live independently mobility: manual wheelchair, independent transfers
72
level of injury at T2-T6
normal motor function in upper body. increased use of rib and chest muscles or trunk control ADL: totally independent mobility: maybe walking with extensive bracing but may lead to damage of upper joints
73
level of injury at S1-S5
depends, may return voluntary bladder, bowel, sexual functions mobility: increased ability to walk with fewer or no supportive devices
74
ascending pathway of SCI
afferent sensory spinocerebellar: nonconscious proprioception lateral spinothalamic: pain, temperature ventral spinothalamic: touch, pressure fasciculus gracilis: tactile discrimination spinocervicothalamic: touch, proprioception, sterognosis, vibration
75
descending pathway of SCI
efferent motor lateral corticospinal: movement to extremities ventral corticospinal: movement of neck and trunk vestibulospinal: equilibrium reticulospinal: autonomic functions, motor respiratory functions
76
central cord syndrome
hyperextension of neck, narrowing of spinal canal UE neural fibers more impaired because they travel more centrally in cord
77
brown-sequard syndrome
only 1 side of spinal cord is damaged hemisection cause by penetrating wound ipsilateral loss of motor function below injury ipsilateral reduction of deep touch and proprioceptive awareness contralateral loss of pain, temperature *extremities with greatest motor function have poorest sensation
78
anterior cord syndrome
damage to anterior spinal artery or indirect damage to anterior spinal cord tissue loss of motor function below injury loss of thermal, pain, tactile sensation *light touch and proprioceptive awareness generally unaffected
79
cauda equina injuries
damage to spinal nerves below end of spinal cord incomplete exiting spinal nerves loss of motor function and sensation below injury absence of reflex arc motor paralysis LMN type flaccidity and muscle atrophy below injury bowel and bladder function are areflexic
80
conus medullaris
similar to cauda equina loss of motor function below level of injury, not severe absence of reflex arc LMN type motor paralysis bowel and bladder incontinence and sexual dysfunction more severe than cauda equina
81
types of orthopedic surgical interventions
closed reduction: set/reduce broken bone and immobilization ORIF: broken bone reduced or put back into place. internal fixation device placed on bone hemiarthroplasty or total hip replacement
82
types of fractures
closed but not broken through skin open/compound: broken through skin comminuted: 2 or more fragments greenstick-compound: bone breaks through
83
other orthopedic conditions
osteoporosis: low bone density at 35 osteopenia: reversible weakening of bone heterotopic ossification: abnormal bone formation in extraskeletal soft tissue
84
apple ascites
weight centered around abdomen
85
apple pannus
increased hip width and weight around the pelvis
86
pear abducted
weight located on hips and upper thighs
87
pear adducted
pannus located on thighs
88
gluteal shelf
pannus protrudes posteriorly
89
posterior adipose
pannus distributed on posterior trunk

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