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Final Flashcards

1
Q

Pericarp

A

Ovary wall that develops into fruit

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2
Q

3 layers of pericarp

A

Exocarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp

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3
Q

Simple Fruit

A

Fruit that develops from a single ovary. Example: Peach, Tomato

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4
Q

Compound Fruit

A

Fruit that develops from multiple ovaries.
Aggregate: from one flower
Multiple: from multiple flowers.

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5
Q

Vegetable

A

A food eaten from a non-reproductive structure.

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6
Q

Vegetable

A

Food eaten from a non-reproductive structure.

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7
Q

Fleshy Seed Dispersal

A

Typically dispersed by animals (eating)

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8
Q

Dry Seed Dispersal

A

Dispersed by sticking onto animals

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9
Q

Wind Seed Dispersal

A

Dry fruit with a flat wing-like outgrowth

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10
Q

Leaves

A

Site of photosythesis

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11
Q

Stems

A

Support and transport of water/nutrients

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12
Q

Roots

A

Anchor plants, absorption of water and nutrients, storage

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13
Q

Where does plant growth occur?

A

At the meristems

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14
Q

Apical Meristems

A

Height/Length growth, primary growth

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15
Q

Lateral Meristems

A

Width growth, secondary growth

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16
Q

Epidermis

A

the outermost layer of leaf

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17
Q

Mesophyll

A

The inner layer of the leaf

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18
Q

Cuticle

A

Outer layer covering, helps maintain water balance.

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19
Q

Stomata

A

Pores in the epidermis. Control entry and exit of gases and water.

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20
Q

Guard Cells

A

Control the opening and closing of stomata

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21
Q

CAM plants

A

Stomata only open at night when the air is moist. Stomata are closed during the day when the air is dry and the risk of water evaporation is high.

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22
Q

Palisade Cells

A

Uppermost 1-3 layers. Main site of photosynthesis.

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23
Q

Spongy Cells

A

Underneath palisade. Facilitate gas exchange.

24
Q

Vascular bundle cells

A

Veins on the surface of leaf. Xylem and Phloem.

25
Xylem
Carry H2O/minerals.
26
Phloem
Carry sugars
27
Petiole
Connection to the stem. Location of axillary buds
28
Sessile plant
No petioles. Direct stem attachment.
29
9 Major Phyla
Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Nematoda, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata
30
Asymmetrical
Animal that lacks symmetry
31
Radial Symmetry
An animal who is arranged around a central axis
32
Bilateral Symmetry
Only 1 plane, divide the animal into mirror images
33
Porifera
Asymmetrical, lack true tissues. Ex: Sponges
34
Cnidaria
Radial symmetry, 2 tissue layers. Cndiocytes: stinging cells. Gastrovascular cavity. Ex: Jellyfish, coral, sea anemones.
35
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms. Ex: Free living flatworms, planarians, tapeworms.
36
Annelida
Segmented worms. Round bodies. Ex: Earthworms, leeches.
37
Nematoda
Threadlike worms. Round, unsegmented. Ex: Heartworms, pinworms
38
Mollusca
Mostly soft-bodied with shell (some do not have). Muscular foot for locomotion. The mantle covers internal organs. Radula to scrap surfaces for food. Ex: Octopuses, squids, clams, oysters, snails.
39
Echinodermata
"Spiny Skin." Deuterostomes. Internal skeleton. Water vascular system. Ex: Sea urchins, sea stars, sand dollars, sea cucumbers.
40
Chordata
Vertebrates are found. Deuterostomes. Endoskeleton. Ex: Fish, mammals, reptiles, amphibians.
41
Arthropoda
Most species-rich. Exoskeleton made of chitin. Jointed appendages. Segmented body. Open circulatory system. Ecdysis. Ex: Crustaceans, insects, spiders
42
Crustacea (Class)
Mostly aquatic. 2 pairs of antennae. Compound eyes. Mandibles (jaw parts). Ex: Crawfish, shrimp, crabs, lobsters.
43
Crawfish
32 Species in LA. Red Swamp Crawfish and White River Crawfish are used as food. Most are red.
44
Chordata Synapomorphies
Related to development: Notochord, Hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gills/slits, Post-anal tail.
45
Invertebrate Chordates
Notochord persists through life. Never gets a vertebral column. Ex: Sea Squits and Lancelets.
46
Vertebrates
The notochord is replaced with the vertebral column during development. Protect the spinal cord. Provide attachment points for muscles. Better range of movement.
47
Jawless Fishes
Have cranium, lack jaws, and long slender bodies with gills. Sense organs clustered near the head. Ex: Hagfish, Lampreys.
48
Chondrichthyes
Most ancient clade of fishes. Skeletons are made of cartilage. Ex: Sharks, skates, rays.
49
Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fishes)
Most species-rich group of vertebrates. Fan-shaped fins. Slender, bony spines supporting thin, flexible webs of skin. Ex: Eels, minnows, catfish, etc.
50
Sarcopterygii (Lobe finned fishes)
Most closely related to tetrapods. Have lungs and fleshy fins used to "walk" along the bottom of the substrate. Ex: Lungfish, coelacanths
51
Tetrapods
"4 feet" Several traits important for living on land. (Sturdy appendages). Evolved from shallow-water inhabiting fishes. Ex: Amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals.
52
Amphibians
First tetrapods. Strong link to water. Need water to reproduce. Larvae respire through external gills. Adults have lungs, but not very efficient. Ex: Frogs, Toads, Newts, Salamander, Caecilians.
53
Reptiles
Fully terrestrial. Internal fertilization. Scaly skin. Amniotic membranes allow eggs to develop on land. Ex: Turtles, lizards, snakes, tuatara, crocodilians.
54
Birds
Amniotes. Have feathers and hollow bones adapted for flight. Most closely related to crocodilians/reptiles.
55
Mammals
Amniotes. Mammary glands, skin is keratin-rich and waterproof. Hair/Horns/hooves/claws/nails

Biology II (4 decks)

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