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Biology II > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Systematics

A

A branch of science used to classify organisms.

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2
Q

Taxonomy

A

One of the two disciplines in systematics which concerns the naming and grouping of organisms.

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3
Q

Phylogenetics

A

One of the two disciplines in systematics which involves studying the evolutionary history of organisms and their relationship with each other.

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4
Q

Common Name

A

The way in which organisms are referred to in a particular language or region.

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5
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

The scientific name of an organism. Genius then species. Ex: Felis concolor.
Underline each word if it is written out, and italicize it if typed.

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6
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

Father of Taxonomy. Created the binomial nomenclature naming system.

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7
Q

3 Domains

A

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

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8
Q

Taxonomic Hierarchy (least to most specific)

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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9
Q

Dichotomous Key

A

A way to classify organisms using particular traits. Organised in a yes/no flowchart.

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10
Q

Synapomorphies

A

Shared, derived characteristics

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11
Q

Monophyletic (Clade)

A

A group in a phylogenetic tree that includes all the descendants of a common ancestor.

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12
Q

Paraphyletic

A

A group including some descendants of a common ancestor.

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13
Q

Evolution

A

Heritable change in characteristics over time

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14
Q

Microevolution

A

Changes in allele frequencies over time with one population

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15
Q

5 Mechanisms of Evolution

A

Genetic Drift, Natural Selection, Genetic Mutations, Gene Flow/Migration, Nonrandom Mating/Sexual Selection

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16
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Hypothesized natural selection, using Thomas Malthus’ research, he believed in the effect of limited resources. Wrote: “On the Origin of Species.”

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17
Q

Natural Selection

A

A process where organisms that have a higher fitness tend to survive and produce more offspring.

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18
Q

Darwin’s 4 postulates of Natural Selection

A

Natural Variation, Genetic Inheritance, Differential Survival, Differential Reproduction

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19
Q

Chromosomes

A

Tightly packed DNA that carries genetic information in the form of genes

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20
Q

Genes

A

Portions of genetic information that code for certain traits

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21
Q

Allele

A

Alternate forms of genes (A, a)

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22
Q

Allele Frequencies

A

Describes what proportion of a population carries a particular allele. The sum of allele frequencies for a gene always adds up to 1.

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23
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism (AA, Aa)

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24
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical expression of a gene (eye color, height, etc)

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25
Genetic Mutations
A change in the DNA of a gene
26
Gene Flow
Movement of individuals from one population to another
27
Genetic Drift
A change in allele frequencies due to random chance events. Creates sampling error, and reduces genetic variation.
28
Sampling Error
Happens when a small sample does not represent the population as a whole.
29
Population Bottleneck
When a major disaster causes a reduction in population size.
30
Founder Effect
When a few individuals from the original population start a new population in an isolated new area.
31
Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 =1. A theoretical circumstance where allele frequencies do not change.
32
HW Equilibrium Assumptions
1. NO natural selection 2. NO Gene Flow 3. Random Mating 4. Large Population 5. NO mutations
33
Prokaryote Synapomorphies
No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles
34
Archaea
Live in extreme environments, considered extremophiles.
35
Halophiles
Live in extreme salty environments
36
Thermophiles
Live in very hot environments
37
Methanogens
Live in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and aid in digestion. Appear in places where "methane" is produced.
38
Gram Stain
A way of identifying bacteria. Either labeled as a gram + or - bacteria.
39
Gram + Bacteria
Appears purple. Has more peptidoglycan in the cell wall, which makes it thicker.
40
Gram - Bacteria
Appears reddish. Thin cell wall. Extra membrane outside the cell wall. Likely to be a pathogen.
41
Round Bacteria
Cocci/Coccus
42
Rod Shaped Bacteria
Bacillus/Bacilli
43
Spiral Shaped Bacteria
Spirillus/Spirilla
44
Cluster of:
Staphylo
45
Chains of:
Strepto
46
Symbiosis
An intimate relationship between organisms of different species.
47
The 4 Kingdoms
Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi
48
Eukaryote Synapymorphies
Nucleus, membrane-bound organelles
49
Protista Characteristics
Live in aquatic environments, most are unicellular.
50
Amoebas
Move by pseudopodia (false feet), continuously change shape, engulf food using pseudopodia (phagocytosis), heterotrophs.
51
Flagellates
Have one or two flagella that are used for locomotion
52
Euglena
Flagellate, photosynthetic, have chloroplasts, green, can be heterotrophic when light is not available
53
Giardia
Flagellate, parasitic, causes stomach issues, and dormant cysts from animal defecation infect water and anything that drinks it.
54
Trichonympha
Flagellate, has a mutual symbiotic relationship with termites and they live in their guts to help break down cellulose.
55
Dinoflagellates
Phytoplankton. Has two flagella. Mostly lives in marine water but can also appear in freshwater. Can cause red tides which have toxins.
56
Ciliates
Contains thousands of cilia for locomotion. Cilia are used to move food into the oral groove. 2 nuclei.
57
Macronucleus
Controls metabolism and development
58
Micronucleus
For reproduction
59
Paramecium
Ciliate, lives in the freshwater, heterotrophic, long oval shape, completely covered in cilia, and reproduces asexually.
60
Blepharisma
Ciliate, Pink color, lives in dark places, eats other bacteria, cannibalists'.
61
Stentor
Ciliate, Horn-shaped, one of the largest unicellular organisms, can regenerate from 1/100th of its original size.
62
Balantidium
Ciliate, an intestinal parasite, can cause intestinal ulcers, and passes cysts through excrement.
63
Plant Characteristics
Eukaryotic, photosynthetic, chlorophyll a/b, chloroplasts, cell walls made of cellulose, and starch as the energy source.
64
Plant Synapymorphies
Alternation of generations and protected embryo
65
Angiosperms
Flowering plants. Double fertilization.
66
Double Fertilization
Produces embryo (2 nuclei) and endosperm (3 nuclei), which is food for the embryo.
67
4 whorls
Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, Gynoecium
68
Calyx Whorl
All sepals
69
Corolla
All petals
70
Androecium
Stamen
71
Gynoecium
Pistil
72
Sepals
Wrap around the base of the flower. Forms a protective layer. Green.
73
Petals
Colorful. Attract pollinators to flowers
74
Perianth
Calyx and Corolla are fused
75
Tepals
Each individual piece in a perianth
76
Stamen
Anthers and Filament.
77
Anther
Holds pollen, at the top of stamen
78
Pollen
Helps to fertilize the embryo by holding the sperm in each pollen grain.
79
Filament
Stalk where anther is attached to.
80
Pistil
Ovary, Style, and Stigma.
81
Ovary
Contains ovules, which hold the egg.
82
Stigma
The sticky surface that pollen attaches to.
83
Perfect Flower
A flower with both male and female reproductive organs.
84
Imperfect Flower
Has only male parts (Staminate) or female parts (pistillate).
85
Monoecious
A plant that houses both male and female flowers.
86
Dioecious
Male and female flowers appear on separate plants.
87
Self-Incompatible
The pollen from a plant cannot fertilize its own eggs.
88
Self-Fertilization
The pollen from a plant can fertilize its own eggs. Has many small flowers. Ex: Weeds
89
Cross-Pollinated
Plants that received pollen from another plant. Large, colorful flowers with nectar/pollen.
90
Wind Pollination
Flowers that produce lots of pollen are captured in the wind by feathery stigmas with no petals.
91
Bee Pollination
The flower holds a landing platform open during the day. The bee crawls into the flower to collect nectar and gets coated in pollen. The flowers themselves are very bright.
92
Butterfly Pollination
Small and tubular flowers where the butterfly's tongue can reach into the narrow tube and collect nectar. These are brightly colored flowers with a weak scent open during the day.
93
Moth Pollination
Flowers that are white, fragrant, and night-blooming have narrow tubes for the moth to reach its long tongue to collect nectar.
94
Beetle Pollination
Beetles eat pollen and pollinate by getting some of it on them. Flowers that are open, fragrant, and produce lots of pollen.
95
Fly pollination
Sometimes pollinate on flowers, those that have an odor like rotting meat. The corolla also may have a brownish or purple color.
96
Hummingbird Pollination
Flowers tend to be red, odorless, tubular flowers with the stamen extending beyond the corolla. No landing platform.
97
Receptacle
Expanded top of the peduncle
98
Peduncle
Stem
99
Hermaphroditic
A flower with both male and female organs
100
Florets
Tiny flowers
101
Capitulum
Florets arranged in a head or cluster
102
Species Richness
Number of different species
103
Relative Abundance
Number of individuals in all the species
104
Species Diversity
Species Richness + Relative Abu dance

Biology II (4 decks)

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