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Animal Behavior > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Hazards that occur during the handling of livestock are usually caused by…

A

fearful animals

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2
Q

The _____ is a part of an important circuit that is responsible for detection and response to threats or fear

A

amygdala

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3
Q

Name the zones starting from center (cow)

A

Flight Zone, Pressure Zone
Blindspot (behind)

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4
Q

The _____ is an imaginary line at the animal’s shoulders/

A

point of balance

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5
Q

To induce the animal to move forward, the handler must be…

A

behind the point of balance

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6
Q

To make the animal move backward, the handler must be….

A

in front of the point of balance

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7
Q

Cattle will move ____when a handler walks past the point of balance in opposite direction of desired movement

A

forward

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8
Q

Effects of stress on livestock animals

A

impact on health (metabolism)
depressed reproduction
reduced productivity

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9
Q

Dairy bulls are more aggressive than beef bulls…why?

A

Difference in rearing methods
Beef bull calves are reared on the mother cow
most dairy bull cav;es are bucket fed

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10
Q

Why should we be ethical in our treatment of animals?

A

so they do not suffer
in order that we can benefit from them
they have a right to a good life

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11
Q

Strategic breeding

A

keeping and caring fro animals in order to produce more animals of a particular kind with particular attributes

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12
Q

Is it morally acceptable to produce the intended offspring?

A

We must balance our demands with the animals’ needs

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13
Q

National Milk Production Record (77,480 pounds of milk = 9,009 gallons of milk,)

A

Wisconsin Holstein (Ever-Green_View My Gold-ET)

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14
Q

Focus of breeding

A

production performance like quanititative entities, yield (meat or milk, eggs or fleece) rather than physical appearance

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15
Q

Ethics of Breeding in Livestock (Pigs)

A

often bred for larger litter size
Drawback; may compromise piglet survival and increase competition

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16
Q

Ethics of Breeding in Livestock (Dairy Cattle)

A

bred for milking ability
compromise: reduction in fertility

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17
Q

Ethics of Breeding in Livestock (Broiler Chickens)

A

Featherless are believes to be more resourceful efficient
are we disrespecting these animals and compromising their dignity

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18
Q

Importance of parental care

A

influences survival of the offspring; dependent on mating system (monogamous vs polygynous vs polyandrous)

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19
Q

Natural selection acts on the variation in the….

A

number of animals that survive to reproduce and pass on their genes, therefore, parental care is critical

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20
Q

Benefits of parental care

A

survival of offpsring
passing on genes to the next generation
fitness

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21
Q

Costs of parental care (investment)

A

1.time and energy
2.resources
3Impacts time spent on (self-maintenance, attraction of additional mates, there is a SACRIFICE int terms of reproductive status)
4. future costs of reduced investment in offspring in later breedings

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22
Q

Parent care decisions are influences by an offspring’s _____(name and define)

A

reproductive value: potential of an individual to leave surviving descendants in the future

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23
Q

What is reproductive value influenced by?

A

ecological and social circumstances

24
Q

How can parents deal with allocating food supply?

A

appearance
begging behavior

25
Signal Need hypothesis (define)
offspring have evolved to signal/advertize their needs 1. Louder vocalization 2. Pushing mouth upward/higher than siblings
26
Signal of Quality Hypothesis (Define)
signs that advertise an offspring's quality or merit in order to maximize their chance of being fed by their parents a parent may judge the physiological state of an offspring y its appearance
27
Signal of Quality Hypothesis (Example)
Red mouth age of nestling lark buntings; brightness affects their parental feeding Believed to reflect carotenoid levels (greater immunity, healthier nestling)
28
Offspring signaling and parental response depends on...
environmental quality and predictability
29
Predictable, high-quality environment (Parent and offspring)
chicks in poor condition beg more parents respond by preferentially increasing feed to needy chicks
30
Unpredictable, low quality environment (Parent and offspring)
parents ignore begging of needy chicks parents rely on cues of structural signals of quality parents feed the larger, healthier chicks
31
Burying beetles (example)
beetles bury dead mice or moles as a source of food for their young, females lay their eggs near buried animal earlier-hatched grubs are fed by parents later-hatched grubs are ignored by parents
32
Red Mason bees (example)
red mason bees invest more in their female offspring provide little feed to cells in which they deposit (unfertilized) male offspring Reason: female offspring have a higher reproductive value
33
Local Competition Hypothesis
when related individuals compete for resources or mates then one sex is more costly to produce (if sex is not contributing then less favored)
34
Local Enhancement Hypothesis
when one sex provides resources or enhances the mating success of its relatives, then that sex is cheaper to produce
35
Parental bias towards one sex depends on (two things)
1. Parental body condition (territory quality and resource availability) 2. Variation in how one sex converts parental investment into more offspring
36
When poor...
more females and more reproductive value
37
When rich...
more males valued related to polygamy and reproductive value
38
Mukogodo tribe in Kenya (example)
socially and economically disadvantaged 1. higher females; male ration (100:67) 2. Mothers nurse daughters for a longer period of time 3. Seek medical treatment more their daughters 4. Hold infant daughter more than son
39
Facultative siblicide hypothesis
resource driven (arise in competition for food and resources
40
Some species of birds (name one) don't intervene and eventually what happens to the dominant nestling and sibling?
the great egret dominant nestling bludgeons its sibling to death or pushes it out of the nest
41
Ultimately, what do parents do when resources are low?
allow siblicidal behavior
42
Obligatory Siblicide
regardless of resources
43
In the Nazca booby (Sula granti) siblicide is...
a standard practice (obligatory)
44
In the blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii) siblicide occurs...
less often, later in the nesting period (facultative siblicide)
45
Facultative siblicide
only if there is a need
46
Why do boobies practice asynchronous incubation?
the larger (older) sibling is aggressive (more testosterone) and outcompetes its younger sibling leads to loss of life/resoureces
47
Parents practice this asynchronous incubation...
as reproductive insurance
48
Reproductive Insurance Hypothesis
mothers in siblicidal species lay a second egg as insurance against hatching failure
49
Parents adjust their provisioning behavior based on two factors...
1. Nature of predator (whether it targets young or adult animal) 2. Annual mortality rate of the breeding adults (i.e. animal's lifespan)
50
Parents with low mortality rates prioritize...
their own survival over their offspring's
51
Parents with high mortality rates are less concerned...
with their own safety and more concerned about their young
52
Nest predator parents will
feed less (to avoid discovery by predators); more evidence in North American bird species
53
Adult predator will
decreased feeding more evidence in the South American bird species
54
Infanticide and toleration of siblicide: methods to ensure that...
1. parents deliver their care only to offspring that have a good chance of reproducing (reproductive value) 2. Keep food delivery costs to a minimum
55
Caecilian amphibians: maternal dermatophagy
eating of the skin young caecilian amphibians feed on their mother's edible skin have evolved special dentation to allow them to feed mother's skin (lipid-rich) has also developed in such a way as to facilitate this process
56
St. Peter's fish (parental care cost)
mouth brooding fish, having eggs in mouth
57
Male water bugs provide uniparental care (example)
female glued the eggs to the male Belostomatid's back; male cares for them until they hatch

Animal Behavior (2 decks)

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