final

Question 1

a brief history of Australopithecus

Answer 1

southern ape, two well-known species: A.ramidus and Au. africanas

Question 2

Australopithecus shared features

Answer 2

pelvis bipedal, not exactly like ours, feet look like ours but tiny

Question 3

Australopithecus afarensis

Answer 3

Dates: 3.8-3.9 Ma and 380-550cc Location: ? Traits: megadont, suspensory arms, short femur w/valgus angle, small, human-like foot

Question 4

Australipithecus afarensus bipedal how?

Answer 4

bent knee, bent hip, striding

Question 5

Australopithecus africanas

Answer 5

Date: 3.3-2.1 Ma, Location: South Africa, Traits: similar to A. afarensis in primitive traits (arms) but exhibits more advanced morphology, large brain, more human-like pelvis

Question 6

Paranthropus shared features

Answer 6

3 species, hypermegadont, small incisors, canines, dished face, sagittal crest

Question 7

Difference between gracile (Australopithecus) and robust (Paranthropus) “Australopithecines

Answer 7

post- cranially very similar, cranially very different

Question 8

Paranthropus aethiopicus

Answer 8

2.7-2.3 Ma, Ethipoia and Kenya, Huge sagital crest, and very prognathic

Question 9

Paranthropus boisei

Answer 9

2.5-1.4 Ma, East Africa Ethiopia to Malawi, flexed cranium, anterior crest, 500-540cc

Question 10

Paranthropus robustus

Answer 10

1.8-1.0 Ma, South Africa, very similar to P. boisei less robust

Question 11

Australopith, Chronology and Biogeography

Question 12

Adaptive radiation

Answer 12

rapid diversification in a lineage

Question 13

Modified Savannah Hypothesis

Answer 13

origin of hypermtadont and expansion of tool use

Question 14

How do we reconstruct diet?

Answer 14

teeth- 60-70% is denition, mastication system, wear patterns, isotopes

Question 15

Dental anatomy and morphology (teeth)

Question 16

Mastication system (levers)

Question 17

Wear Patterns (enamel mircorwear)

Question 18

Isotopes (C3 versus C4 vegetation)

Question 19

Difference between Australopithecus and Paranthropus diets

Answer 19

Australopithecus: Megadont, strong mastication, more scratches (folivore), 30% C4, Paranthropus: Hypermegadont, powerful mastication, more pits ( brittle diet), 30% C4, P. boisei= mainly C4

Question 20

Fallback foods and adaptation

Answer 20

underground storage organs- Australopth diet

Question 21

the earliest evidence of stone tools and cut marks

Answer 21

stone tools: Lomekwi, Kenya- 3.4 Ma, cut marks: Dikika, Ethiopia- 3.4 Ma

Question 22

earliest specimen of homo

Answer 22

2.8 Ma

Question 23

The Habilines (general characteristics)

Answer 23

610-750cc, reduced dentition, precision grip, small body size, australopith body proportion generally, similar to australopiths, obligate biped, some arboreality, large-brained, tool making

Question 24

How much variation is there within a single species?

Question 25

Qualitative characteristics ( do they follow a normal mammalian pattern)

Answer 25

early homo (the hablines): 1470 1813 supra-orbital torus: small medium supra-orbital sulcus: absent insipient temporal origin: gracile marked nuchal origin: medium medium canine size: small small prognathism: little avelolar

Question 26

Homo Habilis

Answer 26

2.6-1.65 Ma, all of eastern Africa, especially Koobi Fora, and South Africa, Thumb=human like, wrist like bones=human like phlanges=curved, long arms, widely dispersed, mod. encephalization, robust cranially, precision grip (tools)

Question 27

Homo rudolfensis

Answer 27

1.9 Ma, eastern Africa (Kenya), 2.4?, Malawi, generally lest robust, slightly bigger, large teeth and palate

Question 28

The erectines

Answer 28

intermembral index =75, long femur, two species?

Question 29

Endurance running hypothesis

Question 30

Persistence running hypothesis

Question 31

expensive tissue hypothesis

Question 32

stone tool (lithic) hypothesis

Question 33

Homo erectus ( sensu lato)

Answer 33

2.0 Ma-117 ka, Old world distribution, 2 species, much encephalization, long, low cranium, full facial prognathism, external nose

Question 34

Hypotheses for pan- African and Eurasian dispersal of Homo erectus

Answer 34

Intrinsic hypotheses: large body size-no, human-like intermembral index-yes, large brain-no, tool use- no, increased meat consumption-yes extrinsic hypotheses: escape from disease- no, normal mammalian dispersal- no, following predators- no, following prey- no, demographic pressure- yes, environmental influence- yes

Question 35

Homo heidbergensis

Answer 35

600Ka-200Ka, location:?

Question 36

Dispersal hypothesis

Question 37

multiregional hypothesis

Question 38

recent African origins

Question 39

Homo neanderthalensis

Answer 39

230ka-30ka, location ?, massive face, occipital bun, huge nasal aperture(nose), swept-back zygomatics (cheekbones), no chin, heavy wear on front teeth, large body mass, low brachial and crural indices, technologies- Mousterian and Levallas technique, hunting- distribution of injuries similar to rodeo riders or agricultural workers, art? burial of dead- site layout, speech-ee

Question 40

Homo floresiensis

Answer 40

100-60ka, Liang Bua, Flores Island, small brains, very little post-orbital constriction, slightly prognathic, no chin , stone tools?

Question 41

Which hypothesis regarding H. florensis is the best supported and why

Answer 41

It is an island dwrad form of Homo Erectus- large animals become smaller, small animals become larger

Question 42

Homo sapiens

Answer 42

315-(195) ka- present, rounded cranium, short face, orthognathic, vertical forehead, skull tall (top to bottom), skull short (front to back), Cranial capacity: 1200-1500cm^3, canine fossa, the pilaster on the femur

Question 43

Dispersal-timing of the earliest occurrences in different regions

Answer 43

Africa:160 ka Middle East:100ka Australia: 60ka Asia: 40-60 ka Europe:40ka The Americas:21ka?

Question 44

What is forensics

Answer 44

use of scientific methods inn solving crimes and in legal settings

Question 45

Discriminant Function Analysis

Answer 45

allows classification of unknowns

Question 46

Four main biological identifiers

Answer 46

ancestry, sex, age, and stature

Question 47

Idiosyncartic varaiton

Question 48

Behavior indicators

Question 49

Pathology and disease