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Discovering Biology: Hormones > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

hypothalamus: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

base of the brain, hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland, controls water balance, sleep, temperature, appetite, and blood pressure

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2
Q

pineal gland: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

middle of the brain, melatonin, regulate circadian clock

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3
Q

pituitary gland: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

below the brain, controls many functions of other endocrine glands

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4
Q

thyroid: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

front of the neck, metabolism

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5
Q

adrenal glands: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

on top of the kidneys, corticosteroid hormones and epinephrine, maintaining blood pressure and regulating
metabolism

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6
Q

gut: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

stomach, small & large intestine, regulates digestion and hunger

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7
Q

adipose tissue: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

all over body, leptin, regulation of hunger and fat storage

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8
Q

pancreas: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

behind the stomach, insulin and glucagon, regulate blood sugar and digestion

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9
Q

ovaries: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

either side of uterus, estrogen and progesterone, contain eggs and release sex hormones

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10
Q

testis: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

outside body, testosterone, contain sperm and release sex hormone

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11
Q

placenta: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

inside uterus, human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg), estrogen + progesterone, stimulates corpus luteum to release progesterone

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12
Q

hypothalamus: thyrotropin releasing hormone

A

targets anterior pituitary to stimulate release of TSH

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13
Q

hypothalamus: corticotropin releasing hormone

A

promotes production of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)

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14
Q

hypothalamus: gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

promotes production of FSH and LH in anterior pituitary

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15
Q

hypothalamus: growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

promotes production of growth hormone

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16
Q

hypothalamus: oxytocin

A

stimulates production of oxytocin in pituitary

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17
Q

hypothalamus: antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

stimulates production of ADH in pituitary

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18
Q

posterior pituitary: oxytocin

A

targets uterus and mammary glands, stimulates uterine contractions during labor, release of milk by mammary glands

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19
Q

posterior pituitary: antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

A

stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys

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20
Q

anterior pituitary: FSH

A

targets gonads, egg development, sperm production and maturation, promote sex hormone production which feedback to inhibit FSH and LH production

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21
Q

anterior pituitary: LH

A

targets gonads, ovulation (egg release), promote sex hormone production which feedback to inhibit FSH and LH production

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22
Q

anterior pituitary: prolactin

A

breast growth/milk release after birth

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23
Q

anterior pituitary: growth hormone

A

targets soft tissue and bones to promote cell division, protein synthesis and bone growth

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24
Q

anterior pituitary: thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Study These Flashcards
A

stimulates release of thyroid hormones

25
anterior pituitary: adrenocorticotropin hormone
targets adrenal glands to produce cortisol
26
pineal: melatonin
targets brain to control circadian and seasonal rhythms
27
thyroid: thyroid hormone
targets all tissues and increases metabolic rate, regulating growth and development
28
adrenal cortex: cortisol
targets all tissues, regulates blood pressure, long term stress response, day/night cycle, inflammation
29
adrenal cortex: aldosterone
targets kidneys to regulate sodium and potassium levels, fluid levels and blood pressure
30
adrenal medulla (under neural control): adrenaline/noradrenaline (a.k.a epinephrine/norepinephrine)
targets cardiac/other muscles, released in emergency situations and raises blood glucose levels (fight or flight response)
31
stomach: gastrin
stimulates gastric juice production
32
stomach: ghrelin
targets hypothalamus and the amygdala (reward center in brain) to regulate hunger (increases appetite)
33
stomach: somatostatin
targets pituitary and gut to inhibit synthesis of ghrelin and gastrin
34
intenstines: secretin
helps pancreas to neutralize acid, inhibits secretion of gastric acid in stomach
35
intestines: cholecystokinin (CCK)
stimulates gallbladder to contract and release bile into intestine and stimulates release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas
36
intestines: somatostatin
inhibits synthesis of CCK
37
adipose tissue: leptin
regulates hunger (decreases appetite)
38
pancreas: insulin
lowers blood glucose
39
pancreas: glucagon
raises blood glucose
40
pancreas: somatostatin
inhibits release of glucagon and insulin
41
testes: androgens (testosterone)
targets gonads to promote male sex characteristics, inhibits FSH and LH
42
ovaries: estrogen and progesterone
targets gonads to promote female sex characteristics, inhibits FSH and LH
43
placenta: hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), estrogen, progesterone
targets corpus luteum, placenta, and fetus to develop fetus and maintain pregnancy
44
What is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis? Describe
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis; negative feedback loop - Hyp produces GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) - Anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH after stimulation by GnRH - FSH and LH promote production of testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone depending on sex, these hormones feedback to the hyp to shut down the process
45
What hormone predicts ovulation?
LH, large spike before ovulation
46
What hormone is only produced when pregnant and thus is used to detect pregnancy?
hcG; human chorionic gonadotropin; produced only when pregnant (by placenta)
47
First fourteen days of menstrual cycle?
Follicular phase; follicular growth and egg maturation
48
XY sex determination pathway
Y chromosome has srYgene → srYgene produces TDF hormone (testis determining factor) → acts on primitive gonads to produce MIS (Mullerian Inhibiting Substance) to prevent female structures // produces testosterone to create Wolffian ducts and thus male structures
49
XX sex determination pathway
No testosterone → no development of Wolffian duct // no MIS → development of Mullerian ducts and thus female structures
50
What is the one relevant example of a positive feedback loop?
Oxytocin release during labor; Stretching of cervix = release of oxytocin = stretching of the cervix, cyclic
51
How long is a trimester?
13 weeks
52
How long is pregnancy?
~270 days
53
what inhibits melatonin production?
light received through the eyes
54
what fat is under the skin?
subcutaneous
55
what fat surrounds organs?
visceral
56
who has more visceral vs more subcutaneous gender wise?
men have more visceral, women have more subcutaneous
57
what makes up the pancreas?
islets of langerhans
58
type one diabetes
body does not produce insulin
59
type two diabetes
body's cells become resistant to insulin

Discovering Biology: Hormones (2 decks)

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