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Discovering Biology: Hormones > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Hormone released: hypothalamus

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and oxytocin

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2
Q

Hormone released: posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin

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3
Q

Hormone released: anterior pituitary

A

Gonadotropins: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)

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4
Q

Hormone released: testes

A

Androgens (testosterone)

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5
Q

Hormone released: ovaries

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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6
Q

Hormone released: placenta

A

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), estrogen, and progesterone

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7
Q

Target tissue/organ: GnRH from the hypothalamus

A

Anterior pituitary

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8
Q

Target tissue/organ: Oxytocin from the hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary

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9
Q

Target tissue/organ: Oxytocin from the posterior pituitary

A

Uterus/mammary glands

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10
Q

Target tissue/organ: FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

A

Gonads (ovaries and testes)

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11
Q

Target tissue/organ: Androgens from the testes

A

Gonads, skin, bone, and muscles

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12
Q

Target tissue/organ: Estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries

A

Gonads, skin, bone, and muscles

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13
Q

Target tissue/organ: hCG, estrogen, and progesterone from the placenta

A

Corpus luteum, placenta, fetus

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14
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) function

A

Regulates anterior pituitary
hormones for gonads

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15
Q

Hypothalamus oxytocin function

A

Stimulates uterine muscle
contractions, and stimulates
release of milk during
breastfeeding

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16
Q

Posterior pituitary oxytocin function

A

Stimulates uterine muscle
contractions, and stimulates
release of milk during
breastfeeding

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17
Q

Anterior pituitary FSH and LH function

A

Egg and sperm production, sex
hormone (testosterone, estrogen
& progesterone) production

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18
Q

Androgens from the testes function

A

Stimulate male sex characteristics

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19
Q

Estrogen and progesterone from ovaries function

A

Stimulate female sex characteristics

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20
Q

hCG, estrogen, and progesterone from the placenta function

Study These Flashcards
A

Development of the fetus, and
maintenance of pregnancy

21
Q

Hypothalamus

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A
  • located at the base of the brain
  • secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland
  • (in addition to controlling water balance, sleep, temperature, appetite, and blood pressure)
22
Q

Pituitary gland

Study These Flashcards
A
  • below the brain
  • no larger than a pea
  • controls many functions of the other endocrine glands.
23
Q

Ovary

Study These Flashcards
A
  • on both sides of the uterus
  • below the opening of the Fallopian tubes - contain the egg cells necessary for reproduction
  • produce estrogen and
    progesterone.
24
Q

Testes FUNCTION

Study These Flashcards
A

produce testosterone and sperm

25
Placenta
- connects fetus to the wall of the mother’s uterus - grows in the wall of the uterus and is attached to the fetus within the uterine cavity by the umbilical cord. - produces chorionic gonadotropin which stimulates the corpus luteum to continue releasing progesterone during early pregnancy. - produces estrogen and progesterone to maintain both the uterus and placenta
26
Where is the pituitary gland?
Below the hypothalamus
27
What is the HPG? Describe
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis; negative feedback loop - Hyp produces GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) - Anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH after stimulation by GnRH - FSH and LH promote production of testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone depending on sex, these hormones feedback to the hyp to shut down the process
28
What hormone predicts ovulation?
LH; huge spike right before ovulation
29
What hormone is only produced when pregnant and thus is used to detect pregnancy?
hcG; human chorionic gonadotropin; produced only when pregnant (by placenta)
30
XY sex determination pathway
Y chromosome has srYgene → srYgene produces TDF hormone (testis determining factor) → acts on primitive gonads to produce MIS (Mullerian Inhibiting Substance) to prevent female structures // produces testosterone to create Wolffian ducts and thus male structures
31
XX sex determination pathway
No testosterone → no development of Wolffian duct // no MIS → development of Mullerian ducts and thus female structures
32
What is the one relevant example of a positive feedback loop?
Oxytocin release during labor; Stretching of cervix = release of oxytocin = stretching of the cervix, cyclic
33
First fourteen days of menstrual cycle?
Follicular phase; follicular growth and egg maturation
34
Anterior pituitary produces which two gonadotropins?
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)
35
How long does the corpus luteum stay intact?
Until the second trimester
36
What prevents uterine lining from shedding during pregnancy?
High progesterone and estrogen
37
Corpus luteum function
Produce progesterone to maintain uterine lining until the placenta can take over
38
What does the placenta produce?
hCG, progesterone, etc.
39
How long is a trimester?
13 weeks
40
How long is pregnancy?
~270 days; 38.5 weeks
41
Calcineuron
protein that helps sperm swim; can cause infertility if production gene is inhibited
42
Eppin
Nonhormonal male contraceptive pill; inhibits sperm motility
43
YCT529
male nonhormonal contraceptive pill; blocks vitamin a receptor, 99% affective in mice
44
Estrogen levels increase ___ by childbirth
30x
45
Parturition
Birth
46
Egg span
24-48 hours after ov unless fertilized
47
Sperm span
1-4 days
48
Pineal gland function
Melatonin secretion

Discovering Biology: Hormones (2 decks)

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