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BIOL 433 > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

relating to Tinbergen’s “4 questions” about
behavior. When asking questions such as
1. What mechanisms
activate it?
2. How does it
develop?
what kind of questions are these? ultimate or proximate

A

proximate

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2
Q

relating to Tinbergen’s “4 questions” about
behavior. When asking questions such as
3. How does it contribute to fitness?
4. How did it evolve? (deeper
evolutionary history)
what kind of questions are these? ultimate or proximate

A

Ultimate

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3
Q

Vireos are one bird species that are parasite species, they lay their eggs in the nests of another bird (host). researchers want to know what the fitness consequences are for the strategies vireos use to deal with parasitism. Is this an ultimate or proximate level question?

A

Ultimate

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4
Q

what kind of research approach would be useful for asking questions about how a behavior has/could evolve within a species

A

Experiments
Ex. examining fitness consequences of social vs. asocial behavior within a species.
Ex. measuring costs/ benefits of a behavior within a species

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5
Q

what kind of research approach is good for asking questions about evolutionary origins of traits, longer evolutionary
time-scale

A

comparative methods
Ex. comparing fixed differences in social behavior btw species

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6
Q

what are the requirements for evolution by natural selection?

A
  1. variable traits (behavior)
  2. heritable
  3. fitness
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7
Q

what mechanisms cause evolution (genetic change in a population (change in allele frequencies over time)

A
  1. natural selection
  2. gene flow (migration between populations)
  3. random processes (genetic drift)
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8
Q

what kind of behavior is genetically hard-wired: can be performed in response to a cue without prior experience

A

Innate, fixed behaviors

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9
Q

what kind of behavioral plasticity occurs when external stimuli in a given context activateneural and hormonalmechanisms or pathways which already exist inside the organism.

A

contextual plasticity (non-learning)

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10
Q

what kind of behavioral plasticity occurs when behaviors develop as a result of experience

A

learning
- Individual learning
- Social learning

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11
Q

what kind of learning occurs when the animal stops responding to a stimulus, or cue, after repeated exposure?

A

individual learning: habituation

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12
Q

what kind of learning occurs when a behavior induces a punishment or reward—decreases or increases display of behavior

A

individual learning:
operant conditioning

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13
Q

what kind of learning occurs when Animals learn by observation of, or interaction with, another individual (s)

A

social learning

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14
Q

what kind of experiment would you conduct if you want to know if a behavior is caused by genes?

A

Selective Breeding Experiments

Via controlled breeding, artificially select for certain behaviors; see if trait evolves

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15
Q

if you want to know whether a behavior is genetic or enviromentally-induced you should conduct what kind of experiment

A

common garden (transplant) experiment

Raise individuals from populations with different behaviors in a common environment (ex. lab).

If they display different behaviors = genetic

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16
Q

if you want to determine whether behaviors are innate vs learned (from parents) what kind of experiment should you do?

A

Cross-fostering (Reciprocal transplant) Experiments

  • Start with parents that display different behaviors
  • Do reciprocal transplant with young offspring
  • Observe offspring phenotype
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17
Q

what is it called when you are measuring the time until onset of first occurrence of behavior

A

latency

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18
Q

what is it called when you are calculating the # of occurrences of behavior per unit time (rate)

A

frequency (rate)

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19
Q

what is it called when you are measuring the length of time a single occurrence of behavior lasts; mean

A

Duration

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20
Q

How do you create an optimal model (3 steps)

A
  1. Identify decisions
    (ex. to eat a prey item or not, how long to stay in a patch, etc.)
  2. Determine currency for costs and benefits
    (ex. net rate of energy intake, energy efficiency, risk of starvation)
  3. consider intrinsic and extrinsic constrains
    (ex: travel time, handling time)
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21
Q

What currency is more important when when organism is limited by energy reserves
rate maximizing or efficiency

A

efficiency
Most energy gained/ energy spent

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22
Q

what currency is more important when organism is limited by time

A

rate maximizing
Most energy gained/ time

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23
Q

what kind of anti-preditor stratagy occurs when animals use camouflage

A

crypsis

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24
Q

what kind of anti-preditor adaptation do wasps use

A

physical/chemical defense

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25
Q

what kind of anti-preditor adaptation do poison frogs use

A

warning coloration/toxicity

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26
Q

in general, in what kind of species is co-evolution likely to occur?

A

in species that depend on each other. ex: species that depend on each other for survival

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27
Q

give an example of co-evolution

A

fish species evolves resistance to pathogen, later the pathogen evolves new mechanism to infect the fish

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28
Q

in the IFD model what is the assumption “animals have complete knowledge of patch quality “ called

A

ideal assumption

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29
Q

in the IFD model what is the assumption “animals can move between patches freely” called

A

Free

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30
Q

how should animals distribute themselves in the IFD

A

Animals should distribute themselves to maximize their personal payoff

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31
Q

what are the three assumptions of IFD

A
  1. ideal
  2. free
  3. animals equal competitors
  4. Animals should distribute themselves to maximize their personal payoff
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32
Q

what is the difference between IFD and IDD

A

in the IDD First settlers exclude later arrivers

33
Q

what are the five benefits of defending territories

A

-foraging advantages
- increased number of mates
- offspring rearing (you reared in superior sites)
- decreased risk of predation
- decreased risk of parasitism/disease.

34
Q

list two costs of defending a territory

A
  1. injury
  2. less foraging diversity
35
Q

one weakness of observational study

A

more difficult to test for specific variables

36
Q

one weakness of manipulative experiments

A

they are a less accurate representation compared to what is actually occurring in nature

37
Q

four grouping benefits individuals have when it comes to anti-preditor addaptations

A
  1. dilute risk of attack
  2. predator confusion
  3. communal defense
  4. improved vigilance for preditors
38
Q

two foraging benefits for group living

A
  1. better food finding (information centers)
  2. better food capture (group hunting)
39
Q

costs associated with group living

A
  1. Increased probability of detection by predators
  2. Increased transmission of parasites/diseases
  3. Increased chance of cuckoldry (female “adultery”)
40
Q

if you wanted to test predator confusion how would you test the predator

A

measure the time taken to locate prey

41
Q

if you wanted to test a predator for diluted risk of attack what would you measure in the predator

A

the percent of prey eaten or attacked by predator

42
Q

what kind of selection occurs when Favors traits related to surviving, investing in reproduction, successfully rearing offspring in a given place

A

Environmental Selection

43
Q

what kind of selection occurs when there is male-male competition for mates

A

intrasexual selection

44
Q

Because females are often the “choosers”, usually traits in males evolve to attract females (what is this called)

A

Intersexual Selection (Female choice)

45
Q

list two strategies males use to increase the chance that their sperm out-competes the sperm of other males

A
  1. Remove sperm from other males (ex. dragonflies)
  2. Mate guarding
46
Q

list two indirect benefits females get from choosing males with attractive features

A
  1. better genetics for offspring
  2. sexy son hypothesis
47
Q

6 Direct benefits for female choice

A

-Food
-Protection
-Access to territories or nests
-Help raising young
-Reduced risk of disease -transmission

48
Q

what is the hypothesis associated with Female preference for trait that is arbitrary (not adaptive)

A

Sexy son hypothesis (indirect benefit)

49
Q

what is the Insurance Egg Hypothesis

A

Extra egg provides insurance against clutch failure

50
Q

when does siblicide occur two reasons

A
  1. Asynchronous hatching
  2. In some species, early eggs given more testosterone
51
Q

according to trivers-willard hypothesis, mothers of high condition should invest more heavily in sons or daughters

A

sons

52
Q

when does egg insurance evolve

A

when there is a high risk of nest failure

53
Q

polygamy is most likely to evolve when reasources or mates have a ? spacial distribution and individuals of the opposite sex are active in ?

A

clumped/ moderate asynchrony

54
Q

when males mate with several females what is that called

A

polygyny

55
Q

when females mate with several males what is that called

A

polyandry

56
Q

when both males and females mate several times with other individuals it is called what

A

promiscuity

57
Q

intrasexual competition should increase among females (polyandry) tend to monopolize (where is OSR skewed?)

A

females

58
Q

intrasexual competition increases among males (polygyny) tend to monopolize (where is OSR skewed)?

A

towards males

59
Q

what would least likely favor the evolution of monogamy

A

prolonged gestation and lactation periods in females

60
Q

males defend resources essential for females (indirect control)

A

what is resource defense polygyny

61
Q
  • Females gregarious for reasons
    unrelated to reproduction
  • Males control access to females directly
A

what is Female (harem) Defense Polygyny

62
Q
  • Mates or resources cannot be economically monopolized
  • Males aggregate, sort themselves out based on dominance status
  • Females choose males based on male status
A

what is Male Dominance Polygyny

63
Q

Females compete/ defend
resources necessary for males

A

what is Resource Defense Polyandry

64
Q

Females limit access to
males through their interactions

A

Female Access
Polyandry

65
Q

Rules individuals use to recognize kin

A
  1. recognition by spatial distribution
  2. recognition by social learning
  3. phenotype matching
66
Q

selection favors individuals who help their relatives produce offspring along with their own

A

inclusive fitness

67
Q

how is inclusive fitness calculated

A

indirect+direct fitness

68
Q

true or false: helpers should provide twice as much help to their full sibling as they would to their half-sibling.

A

false

69
Q

true or false: when given a choice between helping a cousin or a half singing, a helper should help their cousin

A

false

70
Q

when should cooperation evolve? four reasons

A
  1. kin selection: Altruism can evolve (indirect benefit)
  2. By-product benefits: Behavior is selfish, but cooperation arises as a by-product
  3. enforcement: If defecting is punished or cooperation is rewarded
  4. Reciprocal cooperation: Help another individual because that individual can help you back later.
71
Q

what cooperation reason evolved as an indirect benefit?

A

kin selection: Altruism can evolve (indirect benefit)

72
Q

four conditions are needed for the rare reciprocal cooperation

A
  1. interact repeatedly (opportunity for reciprocity)
  2. the benefit of receiving aid must outweigh the cost of donating it
  3. distinguish
    cooperators from free-riders
  4. Cooperation cannot be explained by more
    simple mechanisms
73
Q

individuals retain potential to exhibit full range
of behaviors throughout their life (castes are flexible)

A

what is totipotency

74
Q

Castes are fixed

A

what is Obligate eusociality

75
Q

what kind of animals are in specialized castes

A

breeders and helpers (little or now reproduction)

76
Q

how did eusociality evolve

A
  1. kin selection hypothesis
  2. haplodiploidy hypothesis
    sisters are more related to each other than they are to their offspring.
  3. monogamy hypothesis
    If females mate with > 1 male then worker will be more closely related to her own offspring than siblings
77
Q

what is required for eusocialty to evolve

A

monogamy
required for
eusociality to evolve
by kin selection

78
Q

when does polyandry evolve in eusociality

A

Polyandry evolves
after workers have
lost totipotency

BIOL 433 (10 decks)

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