Final

Question 1

focus groups

Answer 1

A form of in-depth interviewing that uses moderated group discussions as a means of data collection. It uses the discussion and interaction among participants as data.

Question 2

details about FG

Answer 2

Focus groups are a type of qualitative interviewing that involves group discussions moderated by a researcher on a specific topic. These groups do not require consensus; rather, the researchers seek to study the discussion that participants carry out (Morgan 2008) to explore how a specific group of people discusses aspects of their lives. We can learn not only what individuals think about a particular topic but also how they talk about the topic with each other. A focus-group study involves a number of groups, and each group usually includes between six and eight participants.

Question 3

When do we use focus groups?

Answer 3

are particularly appropriate when you are interested in learning about how people understand things that occur in their everyday lives or that they have thought about. For this reason, you would use focus groups only if the topics you were exploring were familiar to the participants. Indeed, focus groups work best when the participants are knowledgeable enough or have had enough experience to carry on a free-flowing conversation about the topic under study.

Focus groups may also be useful for topics that participants care deeply about and may find hard to talk about in individual interviews.

Question 4

talking circles

Answer 4

A practice that originated among the Woodland Tribes in the midwest as a parliamentary procedure. They have a sacred meaning for many Indigenous communities (Lavallé 2009) and involve passing around a small object with each person’s having the option to speak or to pass it on. Some Indigenous researchers recommend talking circles rather than focus groups for Indigenous research.

Question 5

cons of focus groups

Answer 5

require a great deal of thought, planning, and, sometimes, expense.

Question 6

biggest problem in focus groups

Answer 6

poor recruiting the “Achilles heel” of focus groups because if the members of each group are not compatible, there will not be a rich discussion. Therefore, most focus-group researchers suggest that each group should be made up of participants with common characteristics because people are likely to share their personal views and disclose more to people they see as like themselves

Question 7

how does one recruit for FG?

Answer 7

You might, for example, use snowball sampling, whereby you locate one individual and ask that person to help you find others. If we wanted to do a focus-group study about book clubs, we might find a member of one club and see if that person might help us to recruit members of that club for a focus group.

When looking for participants for their study of shopping, they wanted to talk to ordinary people rather than to experts. They initially used a traditional marketing-research method that involves calling potential participants. When they were unsuccessful, they turned to settings where people would ordinarily meet, talk, and socialize, including mother and toddler centres, seniors’ homes, and job clubs.

Question 8

what do you do once people agree to participate in the study?

Answer 8

Once people have agreed to participate in the study, it is a good idea to send them a follow-up message that includes the date, time, and place that the focus group will take place. If you have offered to cover transportation, babysitting, or other costs, or if you are providing a modest honorarium, this message should remind the participants of these details. A brief agenda and your contact information would also be useful to include in the follow-up message.

Question 9

moderator

Answer 9

The individual who facilitates focus groups. This person guides the group with as little intervention as possible while maintaining the group’s focus.

Question 10

list of qualities and characteristics of a good moderator:

Answer 10

• Familiarity with moderating focus groups
• Affinity to the task
• Ability to listen sincerely and inspire people to talk
• Ability to maintain enthusiasm and interest
• Curiosity and respect for the participants
• Good interpersonal communication and managing skills
• Ability to appear neutral so as not to steer the conversation
• Confidence and the ability to be in control, while staying flexible and adaptable

Question 11

forming stage

Answer 11

suggest that the moderator encourage people to talk as though they were on a coffee break.

Question 12

mixed-gender groups

Answer 12

Not surprisingly, in mixed-gender groups the topics preferred by men tend to dominate, thereby making these groups similar to all-male groups. This phenomenon is one reason that researchers often prefer separate groups for each gender identity.

“the first person to speak or to speak at length” often sets the tone or the direction of the whole discussion. This person often has higher status or power and will “tend to contribute more ‘successful’ topics,” those that others will take up.

Question 13

strategies you might use to avoid having one person dominate the discussion.

Answer 13

when they had an established leader in the group, they would attempt to “co-opt” that person into the “process of leading the group without inhibiting” others from expressing their own points of view.

the moderator might discourage them by avoiding eye contact, not acknowledging their contributions, calling on other participants, and asking others carefully worded questions about what they think. The moderator can address the opposite challenge of shy participants by making eye contact with them or nodding encouragingly.

moderator can ask probing questions: “What do others think?” “Do others agree?” “Has anyone had a different experience?” “Does anyone see things differently?” As the conversation continues, the moderator should continually encourage the participants to explore how they are both similar and different from each other. Morgan (1997:12) writes that in the process of “sharing and comparing,” the participants do much of the work for the moderator.

Question 14

norming

Answer 14

the middle stages of the focus group as the “norming” and “performing” stages. She writes that during these two stages the participants work together as a team to address the issue and are interactive and productive. They value each other’s points of view. During these stages, they are likely to come up with new ideas and ways of thinking about the issues under discussion.

Question 15

adjourning stage?

Answer 15

it is time for the moderator to wind things up. They might summarize the discussion and ask if anyone has anything to add to the summary. The last question, as always, requests the participants to bring up any topics the group has not addressed. If a response leads to a rich discussion, it might be a good idea to add the new topic to the discussion guide for future groups. Finally, the moderator can invite questions the participants might have about the research itself.

Question 16

how the social and relational contexts affected the discussion in the focus groups.

Answer 16

She tells a story of running into one of the group members some time later who told her that she had not disclosed having been raped because her group was composed mostly of men and she thought it would make them uncomfortable if she raised the issue. In addition, the group took place at the woman’s workplace, where, she felt, bringing up her experience would be awkward.

Question 17

issue of participants’ “invention or exaggeration of experience” in a group

Answer 17

This phenomenon occurred in a focus group made up of members of a university fraternity who lived together and knew each other well. This group’s discussion was different from that of any other group. The first participant who spoke in the group talked about violence between him and his father; they had gotten into a fistfight. Hollander notes that this story set the tone for the rest of the session. Other participants followed by telling stories about violence that they had been involved in. This was the only group in which a theme was commission of violence. In every other group, the discussion revolved around victimization, fear of victimization, and how to avoid becoming a victim. Interestingly, participants had filled out a survey before the groups started, and none of the incidents that came up during the discussion had been mentioned on the surveys. Hollander suggests that a combination of the gender and associational and conversational contexts “encouraged the men to exaggerate their violent exploits and mute their experiences of victimization and fear” (p. 624). As Deborah read the report of this group, she was reminded of how men might try to outdo each other in tales of sexual conquest. Hollander suggests that the pressure on young men to differentiate themselves from women to demonstrate their masculinity “encouraged narratives that would boost participants’ apparent conformity to hegemonic masculine experiences” (p. 625). As we discussed above, when the first participant sets a particular tone, it creates a precedent for what follows.

Question 18

career

Answer 18

The stages a social group passes through. In focus-group research, there may be a common series of stages that the groups go through in their discussion.

Question 19

men vs women.

Answer 19

Women were most likely to interrupt other women, and men were least likely to interrupt other men. Men were also more likely to divert the discussion onto another topic, to express puzzlement about a topic, and to make a summary statement that indicated they thought it was time for the group to move onto another topic.

Question 20

unobtrusive methods

Answer 20

Research methods that do not involve interaction between the researcher and the participants; the researcher amasses data by collecting and analyzing materials that already exist.

Question 21

manifest content

Answer 21

Obvious, surface-level meanings that are immediately evident.

ex. McDonalds - the ways the food items were described, the ways the items were organized into different categories, and the way the items were listed within each category, in order from most to least popular.

Question 22

latent content

Answer 22

Subtle or implicit meanings that require interpretation. Qualitative researchers focus on latent content when they do content analysis.

ex. McDonalds - they concluded that the menus “convey messages that enable fast decisions and increase turnover” and that the categories of items, such as “Value Meals” and “Happy Meals,” “raise per person expenditure and minimize complex, ad-hoc item selection”

Question 23

Analyzing Pre-existing Documents

Answer 23

In highly literate societies, written texts provide particularly telling windows into social worlds. Think about how much statistical records, survey forms, letters, autobiographies, articles in professional journals and magazines, and even works of fiction can tell us about the interests and concerns of the individuals who created them

Question 24

Statistical Records

Answer 24

When conducting a study, researchers often consult pre-existing statistical records to get a general sense of a topic. In addition, many researchers have repurposed or reinterpreted existing statistics to reinforce their own findings or theories.

More recently, we have realized that sources of statistical data can reveal as much about a social group as the statistics themselves.

Researchers can also gain insight into the ideologies behind previously conducted studies by analyzing the design of the forms used to collect statistical data. To understand what such analysis can reveal, let us compare how questions of “race” and ethnicity are treated on the American census (US Census Bureau 2010) to how such questions are treated on the Canadian census (Statistics Canada 2017).

Question 25

maps

Answer 25

Maps provide a strong example of the sort of documents that represent not “reality” itself but a translation of reality. Think of how your city is depicted on a road map, and compare that representation to the geographical reality you encounter every day. it wont show the hills and stuff, etc.

Question 26

how do mapmakers construct maps in a particular way to accomplish political goals?

Answer 26

They studied how Israeli groups used maps to “invoke authority, appeal to particular audiences, elaborate social concerns and make political statements” (p. 94). They analyzed how maps of Israel had changed over time, from the 1950s to the present, to serve as “tools in territorial power struggles and have been visually powerful means for silencing a population by designifying its presence on the maps” (p. 32). Early maps emphasized the threat Israel felt from its Arab neighbours, while more recent maps seek to make the Palestinian territories appear insignificant. It is also likely that we would see changes in Palestinian maps over time as their relationship with Israel has changed.

Question 27

Letters and Autobiographies

Answer 27

Personal letters and autobiographical accounts can provide insight into individuals’ lived experiences. Ultimately, this approach led the researchers to understand immigrants’ lives with greater depth than had ever been accomplished before, and this deep understanding led the researchers to identify the concept of social disorganization.

Question 28

social disorganization

Answer 28

A concept developed by Thomas and Znaniecki (1918) to describe how rapid social change can lead to the loss of norms and values within an established culture.

Question 29

an ethnography of Self-harm

Answer 29

analyzing teenage suicide notes and diary entries. He augmented his data by talking to the writers of the notes or to their close friends (when the writer had committed suicide). In these notes and diaries, he identifies recurring themes of a breakdown in family structure and the sense of being different. Williams concludes that “understanding teen suicide requires respect for teens’ insights and an understanding of history and culture”

Question 30

identity foreclosure

Answer 30

In relation to a widow’s sense of identity, the process through which a widow loses her sense of identity after her husband dies, even when she attempts to hang on to her identity as a wife. Identity foreclosure takes place on three levels: the subjective level, the interpersonal level, and the institutional level (van den Hoonaard 1997).

Question 31

Professional Publications

Answer 31

Journal articles and scholarly publications can provide broader coverage of a topic than a single researcher might otherwise be able to accumulate on their own. By analyzing ongoing discussions and controversies in professional publications, researchers can also follow changing social trends. published materials provided more insight into the topic.

Question 32

institutional ethnography (ie)

Answer 32

A research method developed by Dorothy Smith (1987) that emphasizes the importance of social, particularly institutional, factors in influencing individuals’ daily experiences. A major component of ie is a recognition that texts, or documents, can “produce and sustain standardized practices” and, through them, “relations of ruling.”

Question 33

Analyzing Documents of Social Institutions

Answer 33

To see how bureaucratic documents “rule” the experiences of individuals who live and work in institutions, we will look at two ie studies that combine document analysis with participant observation to examine social life in nursing homes. ex. McCloskey’s findings regarding the use of forms to selectively record aspects of experience are similar to Diamond’s. Her study, like Diamond’s, captures how documents of social institutions can contribute to “relations of ruling” and establish the dominance of bureaucracy in the nursing-home setting.

Question 34

news media

Answer 34

News coverage can frame our understanding of our social world and can communicate the importance, or lack of importance, of issues, people, and events. Therefore, it is not surprising that researchers use material from the news media as a source of data.

Question 35

frames

Answer 35

An approach to a topic or issue in which certain aspects are emphasized while other aspects are subjugated. When used in the mass media, frames have the power to influence public perceptions of an issue.

Question 36

mapping

Answer 36

ltheide and Michalowski describe their method as both a “mapping” of “where the word and related references to fear occur throughout news reports” and a “tracking” of “changes in usage, particularly with different topics and issues, over time” (1999:477). Through this mapping and tracking, the researchers were able to identify the top three topics associated with fear in newspapers: children, crime, and schools. Tracking the use of the term over time revealed that fear was more prevalent in the news at the time of their study than it had been a few years earlier.

Question 37

advertisements

Answer 37

advertisements have been a favourite source of data among researchers interested in gender roles and ideals. Ads often depict “cultural ideals to which the media and the marketplace would like us all to aspire … [to the] type of body and appearances marketed to … and often sought after by teenage girls or boys, or adult women and men"

Question 38

how did ads add to gender displays?

Answer 38

compared to men, women were presented in a diminished capacity, objectified, over-feminized, and portrayed in insular terms. Goffman also noted that when women and men were posed together, the men were portrayed as central, strong, and dominant in comparison to the women.

Question 39

fiction

Answer 39

While fictional representations, by definition, depart from reality, they still reflect certain aspects of our world and our experiences. Thus, as Hammersley and Atkinson (1983:131) suggest, researchers can analyze the “themes, images, [and] metaphors” used in fiction to become aware of and “sensitized to cultural themes pertaining to sex, gender, family, work, success, failure, commitments, health and illness, the law, crime, and social control.”

Question 40

portrayal of airports in fictional children’s picture books and in fictional films for adults

Answer 40

They chose to compare these two media because they represent “some of the most generalized ways to offer anticipatory socialization to large numbers of people"

Question 41

The books took three principal approaches to achieving the goal of teaching children about the airport experience

Answer 41

First, they introduced children to unfamiliar technologies. Second, the books introduced children to the organization of airports. Third, the books introduced children to the laws and control measures that govern people’s behaviour in airports.

Question 42

rite of passage

Answer 42

A process of going from one social status to another that includes three stages: separation from a former status and role, transition between the former status and the new status, and incorporation into the new status.

Question 43

television

Answer 43

Television is a unique medium in that it brings together fictional and non-fictional representations of reality in various ways.

Question 44

ethnographic content analysis

Answer 44

An unobtrusive method that entails analyzing documents (including photographs, television shows, and print media, among others) for their underlying meanings.

Question 45

eulogy work

Answer 45

The conception and framing of self within a reality television show at the moment of symbolic death, at a contestant’s exit, or, more specifically, at the moment of transition and loss.

Question 46

Analyzing Physical Objects

Answer 46

They went out twice a year to pick up items that people had dumped onto the side of the road. The group always spent some time comparing what they found and thinking about what it might tell them about their community. For example, they always picked up many “Tim’s cups” along the roadway. Most likely, this indicates the popularity of Tim Hortons among drivers in the community, but it may also suggest, among other possibilities, a correlation between drinking Tim Hortons’ coffee and throwing cups out of moving vehicles. Some parts of the road seemed to almost grow beer bottles, suggesting that these locations may be near sites where people come to drink beer in the woods.

Question 47

two kinds of garbage that tell a great deal about contemporary society.

Answer 47

First, he came upon what he calls an “overwhelming, inundating surplus” of things that were “useful, functional, desirable, [and] many times unused and unmarred” (2006:16–17) that indicated the wastefulness and extreme consumerism that are characteristic of our culture. Second, he found a type of curbside trash that is the “residue of significant life changes.” These include the thrown-out objects that result from events such as divorces and deaths. This sort of garbage includes “the material residue of shared meaning …: bronzed baby shoes, diplomas, wedding photos, ticket stubs, [and] old newspaper clippings.” Ferrell refers to these items as “material postmortems” (2006:19). This second type of trash indicates our desire to rid ourselves of unhappy reminders of the past after we go through a major change in our life.

Question 48

Visual Sociology

Answer 48

A research approach in which the researcher uses images as data. ex. tattoos

Question 49

mundane technology

Answer 49

Forms of technology that are so ubiquitous that they are often overlooked because of their banality. They still have deep consequences and complex meanings in our everyday lives, however.

Question 50

cultural studies

Answer 50

The study of popular culture and its representations. Often, researchers who engage in cultural studies analyze images in the media to identify cultural ideals.

Question 51

Although bloggers might misrepresent themselves, it may not matter to the researcher: 2 reasons

Answer 51

first, because such research often addresses the material of blogs rather than offline reality; and second, because we never really know how truthful participants are in any research. Studying blogs requires a systematic approach and new ways of thinking about the research relationship.

Question 52

online reviews

Answer 52

online review spaces allowed for “collective discussion and critique” in light of “oppressive [work] conditions” call-centre employees encounter (p. 2). The reviews the authors studied “shed light on the conditions of alienation” as well as “strategies for resistance” that reviewers shared

Question 53

three themes that dominated tweets

Answer 53

first, the “discursive construction of hockey” as part of Canadian identity; second, comments on corporate sponsorship by Scotiabank; and third, discussion of commentator Don Cherry.

Question 54

trust the process

Answer 54

A phrase researchers use to remind themselves to have faith that there are important themes in their data and that they will have the insight and skill to find these themes.

Question 55

coding

Answer 55

Systematically going through data, finding terms or phrases to categorize chunks of data, and organizing the data into a form the researcher can work with.

Question 56

reflexivity

Answer 56

A body that assesses the ethical implications of research studies and has the power to approve or reject a research proposal. All Canadian researchers who conduct research involving humans must submit their plans to a research ethics board for approval before carrying out their study.

Question 57

codes

Answer 57

Names for the topics, activities, events, and people that come up in an interview transcript or field notes.

Question 58

memos

Answer 58

Records of ideas or concepts that researchers get while conducting their studies.

Question 59

open-coding

Answer 59

A process in which the researcher identifies and labels the major themes in transcripts or field notes.

Question 60

grounded theory

Answer 60

A research approach that begins with collecting data about a particular phenomenon and constructs a theory to explain the phenomenon that is grounded in the data.

Question 61

problematized

Answer 61

Questioning commonly held assumptions and looking for underlying meanings.

Question 62

linguistic connectors

Answer 62

such as since and because that link one event or belief to another can be useful for identifying themes.

Question 63

focused coding

Answer 63

A process in which the researcher further refines the codes used in the first stage of coding, open coding.

Question 64

stories

Answer 64

Narratives that participants use to make a point or to explain their opinion or action.

Question 65

sensitizing concepts

Answer 65

Sociological concepts based on expressions used by research participants that allow the researcher to understand the empirical world of the research participants.

Question 66

signature stories

Answer 66

These are tales people like to tell about themselves or situations that they like to narrate. Signature stories reveal something about what makes us tick, about turning points in our path, about why our life has turned out the way it has. They also indicate something about our fundamental beliefs, convictions, and habits. You probably have particular stories that you like to tell about yourself, perhaps to create an impression about the type of person you are and to develop a moral self for your listeners. These stories contribute to the process of what sociologists often call “impression management”

Question 67

indigenous stories

Answer 67

reflect “the values of a society and act as teaching instruments [and are] commentaries on society, family, or social relations.”

Question 68

first articulated the idea of sensitizing concepts

Answer 68

“holding pens”—tools to group similar data together—that we can use to “frame” the activity we are studying.

Question 69

step in developing a sensitizing concept

Answer 69

look for concepts that the participants in the study formulate for themselves. As you are assessing your data, ask yourself these questions: “What is this person talking about?” “Is the idea or process important?” “What does this idea or process mean to this person?” Look for words, phrases, and ideas that your participants use frequently, especially those that are not in common usage outside of the group involved in the study. Don’t take any terms for granted. Rather, question how participants use them and what they imply about social life.

Question 70

civil inattention

Answer 70

The wilful lack of attention strangers pay to one another in a social setting, often with the motive of remaining inconspicuous, maintaining civility, and/or avoiding embarrassment.

Question 71

emotion work

Answer 71

The effort expended to try to have feelings that are appropriate in a particular situation (Hochschild 1979).

Question 72

feeling rules

Answer 72

Guidelines that direct how we want to try to feel in a particular situation. First developed by Arlie Hochschild in relation to flight attendants, the concept is used by sociologists to describe many situations.

Question 73

how to Identify generic social processes

Answer 73

Identifying generic social processes within your data can help you to describe and explain how things happen and why people do the things they do. To identify such processes, look for commonalities in the ways your participants approach and interpret their situations. Doing background reading on the types of processes other researchers have analyzed in their studies can also inspire you to identify such processes in your own data.

Question 74

three themes in how the faculty he interviewed across disciplines said they graded essays:

Answer 74

1) “the student’s ability to work independently, … 2) the students’ ability to construct a research question, conduct research, … and develop an argument, and 3) … the student’s ability to present thoughts clearly [and] concisely”

Question 75

discourse analysis

Answer 75

An interpretive approach to research, influenced by the writing of Michel Foucault, that sees language as a social practice and therefore constitutive of social life.

Question 76

Foucault suggested that discourse...

Answer 76

the language we use to describe ourselves and our world—controls the way we define and think about our place and others’ places in the world. In short, he suggested that discourse constitutes, rather than reflects, social life. Hence, discourse limits how we think, and Foucault believed that powerful components of society control the way we talk about phenomena and, thereby, define them (Rabinow 1984). These powerful components might be dominant populations within a society or any individual or group with enough sway to influence public discourse. If we think about the concept of the definition of the situation, we might say that discourse constructs the possible definitions of the situation and, therefore, has real consequences. It “shapes the ways in which individuals understand and experience their world and their self”

Question 77

narrative analysis

Answer 77

An approach to qualitative research that recognizes the centrality of stories in the way people understand and talk about their own lives. It often focuses on the structure of a story as much as on its content.

Question 78

prewriting

Answer 78

The early writing that researchers do before they have begun to collect data. Prewriting helps researchers to realize what they already know or think they know.

Question 79

beginning early

Answer 79

Beginning to write at an early stage can also help you to avoid the all-too-common situation of having to rush through your final draft because you have run out of time. Inevitably, if you take such a hurried approach, you will end up with a poorly written report. Good writing, like good analysis, takes a lot of time and effort, but the work you put into it always pays off in the end.

Question 80

findings?

Answer 80

Many qualitative researchers begin their first draft by organizing their findings, in whatever state they are in, into a preliminary order. This usually involves piecing together a rough list of themes or a tentative table of contents.

Question 81

pseudonym

Answer 81

Names that researchers use in written reports to refer to individual research participants to ensure participants’ anonymity.

Question 82

discontinuous identities

Answer 82

Using more than one pseudonym to refer to each research participant when writing a research report to preserve participants’ anonymity, such as when a study takes place in a rural setting or when there are few members of the group involved in the study.

Question 83

How can you escape the temptation to rely too heavily on your sources?

Answer 83

First, as Kirby, Greaves, and Reid (2006:247) suggest, you should have a “firm grasp of your data analysis” before turning to the literature. They comment that if you go to the literature too soon, the sheer authority of the printed page may overwhelm your own analysis. In that case, you may feel that you have a glass-slipper problem that is similar to the one you get when you try to make your data fit with a pre-existing hypothesis or theoretical framework Second, you should write a rough draft of your literature review without consulting the literature itself. Deborah used to write the literature section of her reports in a completely different room from where she had her notes and articles.

Question 84

why should one organize the literature by theme?

Answer 84

This approach forces you to think about and discuss how the studies relate to one another and to your own work. It will also help you to maintain your reader’s interest by drawing connections rather than asking them to do the work of interpreting how everything fits together.

Question 85

The methods section of your report accomplishes three things.

Answer 85

First, it situates your research in a particular research tradition and gives credibility to your findings. Second, it tells the reader how you carried out your research. Third, it orients the reader to the setting and the participants involved.

Question 86

conclusion?

Answer 86

In your conclusion, you will sum up what you have written and explore the implications of your study. A brief summary will give your report a finished quality: This is what I said I was going to do, this is what I have done, and this is its significance. When the reader has finished reading the last sentence, they should have the feeling that the report has an end, that it does not simply fade off into space.

Question 87

jargon

Answer 87

Technical or specialized terminology used by a specific group. Some writers use jargon in an attempt to sound more intellectual or to limit understanding to a particular group of readers, but you should avoid using jargon when you are writing an academic report.

Question 88

The Active Voice and the First-Person Perspective

Answer 88

Omitting the doer in this case could affect the way your reader interprets the situation. Of course, we could include the doer of the action while maintaining the passive voice, but such a construction would sound awkward and unnatural: The interview was conducted by the researcher. Now, compare this sentence to the following sentence, which conveys the same information but is written in the active voice: The researcher conducted the interview. This sentence is more fluid and interesting. Another common problem in student writing is avoiding the first-person perspective in formal reports.

Question 89

1st vs 3rd person?

Answer 89

Third-person: The researcher noticed that the participants hesitated when she asked them about their experiences with gambling. First-person: I noticed that the participants hesitated when I asked them about their experiences with gambling. The first sentence is factual, but it is dry. The second sentence is just as factual, but the writer’s role is clear and the sentence is more active and engaging.

Question 90

plagarism

Answer 90

The act of taking someone else’s ideas and passing them off as your own. Citing sources as you write up your paper will help you to avoid plagiarism.

Question 91

plagarism

Answer 91

The act of taking someone else’s ideas and passing them off as your own. Citing sources as you write up your paper will help you to avoid plagiarism.

Question 92

list of four principles for conducting Indigenous research:

Answer 92

1. Research is grounded in, respects, and validates Indigenous world views. 2. Research output is intended for use by Indigenous communities. 3. Researchers are responsible to Indigenous communities for the decisions they make, and communities are the final judges of the validity and effectiveness of research projects. 4. Research is action oriented and inspires direct action in Indigenous communities.

Question 93

list of four principles for conducting Indigenous research:

Answer 93

1. Research is grounded in, respects, and validates Indigenous world views. 2. Research output is intended for use by Indigenous communities. 3. Researchers are responsible to Indigenous communities for the decisions they make, and communities are the final judges of the validity and effectiveness of research projects. 4. Research is action oriented and inspires direct action in Indigenous communities.

Question 94

the dark side of the "comments" section

Answer 94

?

Question 95

researching on Twitter

Answer 95

Twitter is another popular social media platform where researchers are conducting unobtrusive research on an online publicly available dataset.

Question 96

qual. media analysis?

Answer 96

Moves beyond traditional content analysis Often used with other methods Documents are studied to understand culture Document Analysis  Primary  Secondary  Auxiliary

Question 97

primary document analysis?

Answer 97

Primary documents are the original sources of data, which can include news articles, videos, social media posts, interviews, and transcripts. Primary document analysis involves a close examination of the content to identify key themes and patterns. Researchers often use coding or thematic analysis techniques to identify important themes.

Question 98

secondary document analysis?

Answer 98

Secondary documents are those that are created by others based on primary documents, such as news reports, academic articles, and commentaries. Secondary document analysis involves the examination of these documents to gain a broader perspective on the media content.

Question 99

auxiliary document analysis?

Answer 99

Auxiliary documents are those that provide contextual information about the media content being analyzed. Examples of auxiliary documents include government reports, demographic data, and historical documents. Auxiliary document analysis can help researchers better understand the social, political, and economic context of the media content being analyzed.

Question 100

process of qual. content analysis a la atheide

Answer 100

1) Topic 2) Literature Review 3) Review a few documents 4) Draft Protocol 5) Examine documents 6) Revise Protocol 7) Theoretical Sample 8) Collect Data 9) Code Data 10) Compare Items 11) Case Studies 12) Report

Question 101

common units of analysis

Answer 101

individuals groups organizations (mainly type of group) social artifacts

Question 102

determine themes and frames

Answer 102

theoretical sampling stratified random sampling

Question 103

sampling error

Answer 103

Errors of estimation that occur because there is a discrepancy between the sample group and the total population

Question 104

probability (random) sampling

Answer 104

Simple Random Sampling Systematic Sampling Stratified Sampling Multi-stage cluster

Question 105

non-probability (non-random) sampling

Answer 105

Haphazard Sampling (accidental) (aka convienience) * Purposive / Judgmental Sampling * snowball sampling * Quota Sampling

Question 106

reducing non-response

Answer 106

for mailed materials telephone face-to-face

Question 107

virtual sampling issues

Answer 107

A major limitation of online surveys is that not everyone is online and has the technical ability to handle these kinds of questionnaires Many people have more than one email address Some households have one computer but several users

Question 108

make mental preparations?

Answer 108

Many books on writing note that you should find a way to mentally prepare yourself for the process of writing.

Question 109

introduction?

Answer 109

The introduction provides the first and most lasting impression of your report. It should, therefore, draw the reader in and orient them to your study. Mitchell and Charmaz (1996:151) explain that the first paragraph should “pull us into the story and convince us to continue” because it “invites, entices, and involves the reader to stay with the story.” The best introductions start with an attention-getting opening. In the final part of your introduction, provide an overview of the report, a road map that will help the reader to follow your argument as it develops.

Question 109

introduction?

Answer 109

The introduction provides the first and most lasting impression of your report. It should, therefore, draw the reader in and orient them to your study. Mitchell and Charmaz (1996:151) explain that the first paragraph should “pull us into the story and convince us to continue” because it “invites, entices, and involves the reader to stay with the story.” The best introductions start with an attention-getting opening. In the final part of your introduction, provide an overview of the report, a road map that will help the reader to follow your argument as it develops.

Question 110

Simple Random Sampling

Answer 110

Simple Random Sampling: This is a method of selecting a random sample from a population where each individual has an equal chance of being selected. In other words, every member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen for the sample.

Question 111

* Systematic Sampling

Answer 111

Systematic Sampling: This is a method of selecting a random sample from a population where the sample is chosen based on a specific system or pattern. For example, every nth person in a population may be selected for the sample, where n is a predetermined number.

Question 112

Stratified Sampling:

Answer 112

Stratified Sampling: This is a method of selecting a sample from a population where the population is divided into subgroups, or strata, based on some characteristic such as age or income level. Then, a random sample is chosen from each subgroup in proportion to its size in the overall population.

Question 113

Multi-stage Cluster Sampling:

Answer 113

This is a method of selecting a sample from a population where the population is divided into clusters or groups, and then a sample of clusters is randomly selected. Within each selected cluster, a random sample of individuals is then chosen to be part of the final sample. This method is often used when it is difficult or impractical to obtain a list of all individuals in the population.

Question 114

Haphazard Sampling (accidental):

Answer 114

This is a non-probability sampling method where the researcher selects individuals who are easily accessible or available, without any particular system or criteria for selection. This method is also known as convenience sampling or accidental sampling.

Question 115

Purposive / Judgmental Sampling

Answer 115

This is a non-probability sampling method where the researcher selects individuals based on their judgment or purpose. The researcher chooses individuals who are believed to be representative of the population or who have specific characteristics or traits of interest.

Question 116

Snowball Sampling

Answer 116

Snowball Sampling: This is a non-probability sampling method where the researcher begins by selecting a small group of individuals who meet the criteria for the study, and then asks them to identify others who also meet the criteria. The researcher continues this process until a sufficient sample size is reached.

Question 117

Quota Sampling

Answer 117

Quota Sampling: This is a non-probability sampling method where the researcher selects individuals to be part of the sample based on specific quotas or targets for certain characteristics, such as age or gender. The researcher selects individuals who meet the quotas until the desired sample size is reached. This method is often used in market research or opinion polling.

Question 118

wear and tear of floor tiles

Answer 118

The wear and tear of floor tiles can actually provide a significant amount of information regarding the use of public spaces. For example, heavily worn areas of tiles may indicate high traffic areas, while areas with less wear may indicate less frequented or unused spaces. Additionally, the type and location of wear patterns on floor tiles can provide insights into the types of activities that occur in specific areas, such as areas where chairs are frequently dragged or where heavy equipment is frequently used. Therefore, the wear and tear of floor tiles can provide valuable information for architects, designers, and facility managers in optimizing public spaces and identifying areas that may require maintenance or renovation.

Question 119

Describe the different approaches to protect respondents’ confidentiality when using excerpts and quotations from interviews with them. Also discuss if anything in particular should be considered when applying excerpts and quotations.

Answer 119

Anonymization: One approach is to anonymize the participants by removing all identifying information, such as their names, ages, and any other personally identifiable information. This method is effective in ensuring that the respondents' identities are protected, and it can be used when the researcher does not need to refer to specific individuals in their research. Pseudonymization: Another approach is to use pseudonyms or codes to refer to the respondents. This method allows the researcher to identify the participants while maintaining their confidentiality. For example, the researcher could use a code, such as "Participant A," "Participant B," etc., to refer to each participant. Consent: The most effective approach to protect the confidentiality of the respondents is to obtain their consent. Researchers can obtain written consent from participants that allows them to use excerpts and quotations from the interviews. In some cases, the researcher may need to obtain explicit consent for specific quotations that may reveal sensitive or personal information about the participant. context, accuracy, and sensitivity should also be considered.

Question 120

Define the concept of problematization in data analysis and use an example to highlight how it may help to enhance a researcher’s understanding.

Answer 120

Problematization is a concept in data analysis that involves examining and questioning assumptions, ideas, and concepts that are taken for granted or considered as common sense. It is a critical process that involves identifying and analyzing problems, inconsistencies, and contradictions within the data and using these to generate new questions and insights. Problematization can help enhance a researcher's understanding by challenging existing assumptions and knowledge, and encouraging a more critical and nuanced analysis of the data. It can also help to identify gaps in knowledge and areas where further research may be needed. For example, consider a researcher who is conducting a study on the impact of social media on mental health. They have collected data from interviews with individuals who have experienced mental health problems and have also conducted a literature review on the topic.

Question 121

Provide arguments for the claim that studying people’s trash is not unobtrusive research and violates some principles of ethical research.

Answer 121

Invasion of privacy: Going through someone's trash is an invasion of privacy. It involves collecting information without the participant's knowledge or consent, which violates the principle of informed consent. Confidentiality: The information found in someone's trash can be sensitive and personal. The researcher may come across medical records, financial information, or other confidential information that the participant did not intend to disclose. Therefore, studying people's trash can violate the principle of confidentiality. Respect for persons: The principle of respect for persons requires that researchers treat participants with respect and dignity. Going through someone's trash is a violation of this principle because it is a disrespectful and intrusive way of collecting information. Deception: In some cases, researchers may not disclose their intentions to study someone's trash, which can be considered a form of deception. Participants have a right to know how their data will be used and should be able to opt-out of the research. Stigmatization: If the researcher finds sensitive or embarrassing information in someone's trash, this can stigmatize the participant and damage their reputation. This violates the principle of beneficence, which requires that researchers do not cause harm to participants.