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Final Flashcards

1
Q

In layers, gut fill may limit what?

A

Feed intake

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2
Q

The size of the egg is dictated by the ___ of the bird

A

body weight

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3
Q

Average egg weight should be ___

A

61g

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4
Q

Egg shell is what by weight?

A

94% calcium carbonate
1% magnesium carbonate
1% calcium phosphate
4% organic matter

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5
Q

What are 4 issues affecting layer hens?

A

Rickets (in growing birds), cage layer fatigue in mature birds, fatty liver syndrome, vitamin deficiencies

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6
Q

What is cage layer fatigue?

A

Ca deficiency or mineral imbalance

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7
Q

Ca:P ration during laying

A

2:1 to 8-12:1

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8
Q

What vitamin and mineral deficiencies should be watched for in layers?

A

A, D, E, K, B
Magnesium, Iodine, Zinc, Copper, Sodium, Chlorine

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9
Q

What are the two amino acids that limit muscle deposition?

A

Methionine and lysine

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10
Q

How much does a broiler grow/day

A

60g/day

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11
Q

What is the DMI of a broiler?

A

15-18% of BW

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12
Q

Broilers respond to higher ___, and have a higher ___ requirement

A

Crude protein, P

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13
Q

What is Ascites in Broilers?

A

aka water belly
Right ventricle failure due to rapid muscle growth and slower lung capacity gain
Heart can’t keep up with weight gain

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14
Q

What should be monitored in broilers?

A

Ca, P, Vit D for bone development
Lysine for muscle deposition

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15
Q

Chicken feed is typically high in what?

A

Corn and soybean

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16
Q

What is a common issue in corn chicken feed?

A

Mycotoxins

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17
Q

What should not be used in laying diet and why

A

Cottonseed meal has gossypol that discolors yolk

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18
Q

What are additives that can be included in chicken feed?

A

Anticoccidial, growth promotant, antifungals/antibiotics/antioxidants, pellet binders

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19
Q

What are nutrition considerations for pigs?

A

Sow- Gestation, lactation
Piglet- Replacement, market
Boar- Have high donation rate

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20
Q

How much feed does a sow need around farrowing?

A

1kg feed/100kg of sow BW + 0.5kg feed/piglet

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21
Q

What type of feed do sows close to farrowing eat?

A

energy-dense, high fat, highly digestible (pellets because easier to break down in hind gut fermenter)

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22
Q

What are the main determinants of nutrient requirements for boars?

A

BW and environmental stresses

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23
Q

What nutrients are related to male reproduction?

A

Zinc, Vit E, Selenium, Vit A

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24
Q

When piglets are born what is not fully developed?

A

Limited gut capacity, insufficient acid secretion in stomach, low activity of digestive enzymes

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25
What does sow's milk contain lots of?
Lactose and antibodies
26
After piglet weaning, oral dose of easily digested nutrients such as ___ increase nutrient-density
Short chain FA, sugars, electrolytes, iron
27
Growing/finisher pig have a high ___ requirement for what?
High lysine requirement for lean tissue synthesis
28
What type of diet comprises most of growing/finishing pigs diet?
Corn and soybean meal ~97.5%
29
When do finishing pigs go to market?
6 months about 280 pounds
30
Energy content of a pig's diet
3400 kcal DE/kg Diet CP: 12-27% of DM (high lysine during growing) Macrominerals: 1-3% Microminerals and vitamins: 0.5%
31
What is the range of horses and ponies weight for nutrition?
200kg to 900kg because NRC lists are based on weight
32
What is the DE of horses?
7-48 Mcal/day (mature pony maintenance to intense work)
33
How much fat makes up a horse's diet?
Fat can provide up to ~15% of DM
34
How much crude protein does a horse need?
296g-2576g (mature pony maintenance-900kg or early lactation)
35
What is colic?
GI upset that has many causes but diet-induced types are: Impaction, gas, overfeeding, toxins, parasites, foreign bodies
36
Why do horses get gastric ulcers?
Stomach built to be a perpetual grazer but not often fed as such
37
How do horses gain excessive weight?
Energy overage
38
What does selenium deficiency cause in horses and where is it most prevalent?
Causes muscle loss Most prevalent on East Coast since were have selenium deficient diet so horses get supplement
39
What does a vitamin E deficiency cause and where is it most prevalent?
Causes Equine Motor Neuron Disease (EMND) Most prevalent in Northeast
40
What is choke in horses?
Feed compaction/obstruction
41
High water-soluble carb intake (from ___) interplays with what diseases?
From grain and high-sugar grasses Laminitis, COPD, Cushing's, Equine metabolic disease, PSSM
42
What are the 4 classes of plants?
Forages, grains, roots/tubers, byproducts
43
What are forages?
Leaves, stems, grasses, legumes, brassicas Includes fresh, crop residue, hay, silage
44
What are characteristics of forages?
High in fiber, so high in beta-liked carbs
45
What affects forage nutritive value?
maturity, leaf-to-stem ratio, species and cultivars
46
How does maturity affect the nutrition of forage?
Soft grass is more digestible than tall stiff stuff Boot stage
47
How does leaf-to-stem ration affect nutrition of forage?
Want more leaf than stem cause the stem isn't eaten
48
Characteristics of leaves
More nutritious Higher in non-structural carbs and protein Lower in structural carbs
49
Characteristics of stems
Less nutritious Higher in structural carbs Vascular tissue
50
What are conserved forages?
Grass hay (88%DM) Grass silage (36%DM)
51
What plant has the highest risk for bloat?
Early bloom stage of alfalfa
52
What are processing techniques for dry forages?
Baling, chopping or grinding, pelleting, roasting, extruding
53
What are processing techniques for wet forages?
Chopping corn silage, steam rolling, flaking, ensiling, pressure cooking
54
How does plant quality at baling affect forage quality?
Dry forage quality will never be better than fresh forage quality
55
What can affect the DM and nutrient content of hay?
Time of day, overdrying, weather (especially decrease after rain)
56
How do processing feedstuffs maintain or improve nutritional value?
Increase digestibility and nutrient accessibility through altered physical form or particle size, prevent spoilage, isolates specific parts of plant/animal
57
How do processing feedstuffs improve handling efficiency and reduce waste?
Benefits of improved animal performance and/or labor-saving must exceed cost of processing
58
What is a concentrate?
Feed that is concentrated in a nutrient (normally energy)
59
What are characteristics of concentrate?
Includes most grains and high-quality byproducts Low in NDF and ADF (<32 and 22%)
60
What are grains?
Seeds of cereals, oilseed plants Cereal grains produced by members of the grass family Affected by environment
61
What are the characteristics of cereal grains?
Low in N (8-12%) Mainly in the form of protein Low in lysine, tryptophan, threonine Variable fat (1-6%) High in linoleic and oleic acid Higher in carb/starch
62
What are the characteristics of oilseeds?
Protein and lipid rich Most important protein sources are soybeans and cottonseed
63
What are examples of bulbs and roots?
Turnips, beets, swedes, radishes
64
What are the characteristics of bulbs and roots?
High water and carb (sucrose), K Low fiber, CP, Ca, P
65
What are the byproducts of plant processing?
Meals, human food byproduct, molasses
66
What are the byproducts of plant processing?
Meals, human food byproducts, molasses
67
What are some popular meals?
SBM popular in dairy cattle Canola lower levels of anti-nutritive factors from rape Sunflower low levels of lysine and threonine but high methionine
68
Common protein-rich plant-based feedstuffs
Meals, byproducts (Brewers grain, corn distillers), some forages
69
CP content of straws
<7%
70
CP content of corn silage
<9%
71
CP content of hay and forage silage
7-25%
72
CP content of cereal grains
8-12%
73
CP content of oilseed meals/grain byproducts
30-55%
74
CP content of animal protein sources
50-95%
75
What is common in carb-rich feedstuff?
A-linked carbs but there are some exceptions like ruminants need NDF
76
What are some good a-linked carb sources?
Corn, most grains, most pulps and pomaces, molasses
77
What is a phytochemical and what are their characteristics?
Chemicals found in plants non-nutritive Active compounds Proposed to contribute toward disease-prevention
78
Examples of phytochemicals
Phenolic compounds, organosulfides, protein inhibitors
79
Why are phenols important?
Essential to plant physiology Contribute to plant pigmentation, growth, repro Protects from pathogens, predators
80
What are flavonoids?
Originally called Vit P (pigment) Red, blue purple Subclass of polyphenols
81
What are the food sources of flavonoids?
Normally linked to carbs Concentrated in seeds, fruit, bark, flowers decreased concentrations towards central core
82
What do condensed tannins do?
Ultimately makes diet RDP act like undigestible RUP
83
What are some animal-based feedstuffs?
Whole animal, byproducts
84
What is BSE?
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
85
Restrictions for BSE
FDA regulations regarding cattle feeds and feeding animal-based feedstuffs to ruminants
86
What are some cattle materials prohibited in animal feed?
Carcass of BSE pos, brains and spinal cords of >30mo, carcass of uninspected
87
Can you feed other animals ruminant products?
Some cattle/bison products to feed other livestock but cannot feed most ruminant products to other ruminants
88
What animal products are permitted in ruminant rations?
mammalian protein, non-mammalian animal-based protein, animal-derived non-protein
89
If a food contains a prohibited animal protein, food label must say:
DO NOT FEED TO CATTLE OR OTHER RUMINANTS
90
who is exempt from labeling food?
Dog and cat food, zoos are not
91
What are animal byproducts?
Parts of the animal that humans don't usually eat, nothing actually wrong with the content
92
What is an additive?
Any substance added to or expected to become a component of animal food either directly or indirectly, must be regulated as generally recognized as safe
93
What are the 5 categories of additives?
Technological additives (gums), sensory additives (colorants), nutritional additives, zootechnical additives (digestion enhancers), coccidiostats (antiprotozoal agent that acts on coccidia parasites)

Animal Nutrition (4 decks)

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