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medical syndromes > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

what are the types of strokes

A
  • haemorragic stroke: rupture causes bleeding
  • ischemic stroke: clot blocks blood to brain
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2
Q

What is FAST

A

F: face drooping
A: arm weakness
S: speech difficulty
T: time to call 911

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3
Q

warning signs of stroke are

A
  • weakness
  • trouble speaking
  • vision problems
  • headache
  • dizziness
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4
Q

modifiable risk factors for stroke are

A
  • hypertension
  • hypercholesterolemia
  • partial fibrillation
  • diabetes
  • smoking
  • overweight
  • physical inactivity
  • XS alcohol
  • stress
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5
Q

non modifiable risk factors for stroke are

A
  • age (over 65)
  • gender (women lower risk before menopause)
  • ethnicity (African American or South Asian)
  • family history
  • prior stroke
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6
Q

symptoms of stroke are

A
  • numbness or weakness on one side of body
  • confusion, dizziness, trouble speaking
  • trouble seeing out of one eye
  • vomiting
  • body tired
  • trouble walking
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7
Q

effects of a stroke include

A
  • paralysis/ weakness to one side of body
  • vision issue
  • communication problem
  • personality changes
  • depresssion
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8
Q

what are treatment options for stroke

A
  • medications for clots
  • injection of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
  • tPA injected in brain
  • remove clot using stent retriever
  • surgical blood vessel repair
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9
Q

time for treatment for stroke is important because

A
  • without fast treatment, chance of reducing stroke damage decreases
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10
Q

the arteries most frequently affected in stroke are

A

middle cerebral artery

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11
Q

what pathological remark have scientist found for parkinsons

A
  • results from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantial nigra
  • Lewy bodies develop inside nerves cells
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12
Q

what are the different symptoms in different stages of Parkinson’s

A

stage 1: mild symptoms one one side, friends notice
stage 2: symptoms bilateral, minimal diability, gait affected
stage 3: significant slowing, dysfunction severe
stage 4: severe symptoms, walking limited, bradykinesia
stage 5: cachectic, complete invalidism, unable to walk/stand

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13
Q

treatment for Parkinson’s includes

A

increasing dopamine or inhibit actions of acetylcholine in brain

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14
Q

drugs used to increase dopamine are

A

-levodopa
- selegiline
- amantodine
- carbidopa
- talcopone

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15
Q

what important remark have scientist found for alzehmiers

A
  • plaques deposits of beta-amyloid build in nerve cells
  • tangles of twisted fibers called tau build up
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16
Q

risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease are

A

age, genetics, lifestyle, head trauma, clinical depression, Down syndrome, environmental

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17
Q

treatment for Alzheimer’s is

A

antidepressants, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA antagonist

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18
Q

symptoms for different stages of alzhemiers are

A

stage 1: normal
stage 2: very mild cognitive decline
stage 3: mild cognitive decline
stage 4: moderate cognitive decline
stage 5: moderately severe
stage 6: severe
stage 7: very severe

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19
Q

how long does alzhemiers affect for

A
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20
Q

what can we do to prevent alzhemiers

A
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21
Q

morphology of RBC in sickle cell disease are

A

RBC are hard, sticky, and shaped like sickles

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22
Q

sickle cell anemia is what type of disorder

A

inherited red blood cell disorder

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23
Q

normal structure of hemoglobin is

A

round and move through small blood tubes

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24
Q

what causes sickle cell disease

A

single amino acid substitution of valine replacing glutamine in 6th position of beta chain of globin

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25
what race is primary affected in sickle cell disease
African americans predominantly affected
26
what is cause of death for people with sickle cell disease
acute chest syndrome
27
treatment for sickle cell disease
- pain medicine - heating pads - hydroxyurea - blood transfusion
28
lab tests in sickle cell disease
hemoglobin electrophoresis used to measure and id types of hemoglobin in blood
29
symptoms of sickle cell disease
- fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing, priapism, leg ulcer
30
life of normal RBC vs. sickle cells
normal RBC 120 days sickle cells 10-20 days
31
what are the two major causes of COPD
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
32
symptoms of COPD include
- shortness of breath - chronic cough - chest tightness - fatigue - mucus
33
what can cause COPD
- smoking and prolonged exposure to harmful gases (ex. second hand smoke, industrial smoke, dust)
34
risk factors for COPD is
- history of childhood respiratory infections - genetic makeup - increasing age
35
ways to prevent/slow COPD
- stop smoking, avoid second hand smoke
36
what medications are given for COPD
- bronchodilators: relaxes muscles around airways - steroids: reduce inflammation - oxygen therapy: helps with shortness of breath
37
describe stage 1 COPD
airflow limitation, no symptoms or chronic cough XS mucus
38
describe stage 2 COPD
- airflow limitation worsens, start of symptoms (shortness of breath) with cough and sputum production
39
describe stage 3 COPD
- limitations to airflow significant, shortness of breath evident, fatigue quickly
40
describe stage 4 COPD
quality of life impaired and COPD exacerbations are life threatening, chronic respiratory failure often
41
what are the methods to maintain quality of life for those with COPD
- quit smoking - get vaccines - use rescue inhalers - take medications - work with pulmonary specialist - eat well for energy
42
volumes and capacities in COPD
43
FEV1 reading during the different stages of COPD
stage 1: > 80% stage 2: 50-79% stage 3: 30-49% stage 4: < 30%
44
what is the function of nephrons
transfer waste products from blood to urine - about 1 million per kidney
45
functions of kidneys are
- remove toxic waste products - remove XS water and salt - control BP - produce epo - help keep calcium and phosphate - maintain proper pH
46
filtration rate per minute, per hour, per day
90-120 mL/min 180 L per day
47
risk for kidney disease are
- age more than 60 - hypertension and diabetes - cardiovascular disease - family history - race (African american) and hispanics
48
treatment for ESKD
- hemodialysis: remove impurities from blood
49
factor for intervention in CKD
50
prerenal cause of kidney disease
- caused by conditions that reduce blood flow to kidney - high amount of nitrogen waste in blood
51
renal cause of kidney disease
- glomerular disease - leads to ESRD
52
post renal cause of kidney disease
- an obstruction of some kind - ex. bladder cancer, uric acid crystals
53
nephrotoxic drugs
acetaminophen, aspirin, NSAIDs, ibuprofen
54
lab exams in CKD
- serum creatinine (for GFR) - protein-creatinine ratio - examination of urine sediment - imaging of kidneys - serum electrolytes
55
stages of CKD
stage 1: GFR >90 stage 2: GFR 60-89 stage 3: GFR 30-59 stage 4: 15-29 stage 5: < 15
56
types of multiple sclerosis
- relapsing remitting - secondary progressive - primary progressive - progressive relapsing
57
symptoms of multiple sclerosis
- fatigue - vision problems * - numbness and tingling * - muscle spasms - mobility problems * - pain - depression/anxiety
58
risk for MS include
- type 1 diabetes, thyroid disease, inflammatory bowl disease - women - age 20-40
59
lab exams for diagnosis of MS are
- MRI - results from spinal tap (CSF) - evoked potential tests
60
treatment for MS include
- immune suppressors - management of treatments - psychotherapy

medical syndromes (2 decks)

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