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medical syndromes > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

what lipoprotein is high in coronary disease

A

LDL

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2
Q

risk factors for coronary disease

A
  • having hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity and sedentary lifestyle
  • African American, male, XS alcohol, stress, smoking and family history
  • high C protein levels
    high homocysteine levels
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3
Q

what is arteriosclerosis

A

stiffening or hardening of artery walls

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4
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

narrowing of artery because of plaque build up

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5
Q

function of coronary arteries

A

supply blood to myocardium and deliver blood nutrients

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6
Q

treatment for atherosclerosis are

A
  • angioplasty
  • coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
  • carotid endarterectomy
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7
Q

what is anigoplasty

A

small mesh tube placed in artery to keep open

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8
Q

what is coronary artery bypass grafting

A

healthy blood vessel used to bypass blocked artery

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9
Q

what is carotid endarterectomy

A

surgery to remove plaque buildup from carotid arteries in neck

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10
Q

myocardial infarction is the

A

destruction or death of myocardial cells due to insufficiency of oxygen

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11
Q

what medical treatments (drugs) are given for coronary disease

A
  • cholesterol lowering drugs
  • aspirin (blood thinner to reduce blood clots)
  • beta blockers (lower heart rate and bp)
    -nitroglycerin (control chest pain)
    -ACE inhibitors (lower bp)
  • digitalis (increase strength of heart)
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12
Q

what is angia

A

chest pain due to ischemia or reduced blood supply to heart

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13
Q

what is considered hypertension

A

systolic above 120-129
diastolic less than 80

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14
Q

what are the risk factors for hypertension

A
  • ethnicity (African american)
  • increased age >35
  • family history
  • obesity
  • smoking
  • XS alcohol
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15
Q

what are the different types of hypertension

A

prehypertension, stage 1 and stage 2

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16
Q

what is considered prehypertension

A

SBP >120 and <139
DBP >80 and <89

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17
Q

what is considered stage 1 hypertension

A

SBP 140-159
DBP 90-99

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18
Q

what is considered stage 2 hypertension

A

SBP >160
DBP >100

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19
Q

what are the complications of prolonged hypertension

A

vessel trauma and arteriosclerosis
- damage to heart, kidneys, NS, and eyes
- damage to blood vessels

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20
Q

what is the effect of salt in the diet

A

it can raise blood pressure

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21
Q

what is the function of the liver

A
  • blood processing factory
  • nutrient storage
  • remove toxins
  • remove damaged RBC
  • regulate nutrient in blood
  • secrete bile
  • metabolism of everything
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22
Q

what are the different enzymes in the liver

A
  • alanine aminotransferase
23
Q

what is cirrhosis

A
  • late stage of scarring of the liver
24
Q

the complications of cirrhosis are

A
  • ascites
  • encephalopathy
  • spontaneous bacterial pertionitis
  • hepatorenal syndrome
  • splenomegaly (low platelets)
  • portal hypertension
25
Q

stages of cirrhosis are

A
  1. liver cell necrosis
  2. inflammatory cell infilate
  3. fibrosis
  4. nodular regeneration
26
Q

what is metabolic syndrome

A
  • cluster of disorders of your body’s metabolism
27
Q

what are the different factors in metabolic syndrome

A
  • high bp
  • high insulin
  • XS body weight
  • abnormal cholesterol levels
28
Q

signs and symptoms of metabolic syndrome are

A

central obesity, high bp, high triglycerides, low HDL, insulin resistance

29
Q

how is diagnosis made for metabolic syndrome

A

need three of the following traits:
- abdominal obesity
- >150 mlg of triglycerides
- bp of 130/85 or higher
- HDL lower than 50 in women and 40 in men

30
Q

treatment for metabolic syndrome is

A

diet and exercise

31
Q

what life style choices are recommended to reduce risk of metabolic syndrome

A
  • lose weight, exercise, stop smoking, and fiber rich foods
32
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

cell that produce insulin are destroyed resulting in insulin dependence

33
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

blood glucose high due to lack of insulin production and insulin resistance

34
Q

what is gestational diabetes

A

diabetes that occurs in pregnant women

35
Q

what is H1C

A

measurement of average blood sugar in the past 3 months

36
Q

what factors contribute to development of obesity

A

energy intake, biological factors, energy expenditure, psychosocial, genetics, socio economic factors

37
Q

the causes of diabetes are

A

sedentary lifestyle, genes, overweight, too much food intake

38
Q

what is treatment for type 1 diabetes

A

treated with insluin

39
Q

the effects of insulin are

A
  • increase glucose utilization in skeletal muscle
  • suppress hepatic glucose production
  • inhibit lipolysis
40
Q

what is the first line of treatment for type 2 diabetes

A

metformin

41
Q

ascites is caused by

A

accumulation of free fluid in peritoneum

42
Q

how to check for ascites

A

check serum ascites albumin gradient

43
Q

purpose of troponin test

A

test for myocardial damage

44
Q

purpose of creatine kinase test

A

specific for when skeletal muscle damage is not present

45
Q

high c protein levels are associated with

A

increased atherosclerosis and high risk for coronary heart disease

46
Q

high homocysteine levels associated with

A

damage to artery walls and increase risk of clots

47
Q

alkaline phosphatase

A

produced in bile ducts, intestine, kidney

48
Q

bilirubin

A

product that results from destruction of old red blood cells

49
Q

albumin

A

is synthesized by liver

50
Q

prothrombin time is

A

necessary for blood clotting

51
Q

management of ascites

A

salt restrict, fluid restrict, diuretics

52
Q

what medications are given for metabolic syndrome

A

weight loss: meridia and xenical
insulin sensitizers: thiuazolidiendiones and metformin to decrease insulin resistance

53
Q

medications to control metabolic syndrome individual risk factors include:

A
  • aspirin to reduce risk of heart attack
  • lower blood pressure medications
  • medications to lower cholesterol (niacin, statins, and fibrates)

medical syndromes (2 decks)

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