Final

Question 1

the epoch we currently live in; began about 11,000 - 10,000 years ago.
The geological epoch during which we now live.
Follows the Pleistocene epoch
Northern hemisphere experienced radical environmental change
Left only polar regions and Greenland with permanent ice caps
Invented equipment to help take advantage of local resources
Hunter-gatherers anticipated many of their developments we associate with agriculture. Became familiar with local plant and animal resources

Answer 1

holocene

Question 2

ice-free corridor. Land bridge that connected Asia and North America several times during the late Pleistocene. Beringia, the dry-land connection between Asia and America that existed periodically during the Pleistocene epoch. Supported human hunters; adapted to the cold and dry conditions
Exposed during periods of maximum glaciation
Intervals when lower sea levels exposed the floor of the shallow Bering Sea
Accessible depended on:
Climate and glaciation
Sea levels rising, and how people were able to walk across
Do-able, evidence for this
Was along the coast of the northern Pacific Rim. Pacific Coastal Route
Concluded, humans must have entered New World from Asia
Emerged between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets in Western Canada

Answer 2

bering land bridge/beringia

Question 3

coast coming from Asia. Geographically possible for humans to enter the New World by coast
Earliest immigrants may have traveled by boat along the pacific coast during the late Pleistocene
Use of canoes, rafts, and other forms of water transport; necessary to carry humans successfully
Used kelp and fish
Passage eased by access to the region’s diverse marine and terrestrial ecosystems, didn’t have to abandon their boats
avoids time constraints on the availability

Answer 3

pacific coastal route

Question 4

treeless plains with permafrost conditions (frozen ground) that supports the growth of vegetation like grasses and mosses
Supported herds and grazing animals

Answer 4

tundra

Question 5

large areas of dry treeless plains
supported herds and grazing animals

Answer 5

steppe

Question 6

Pleistocene ice sheet originating in mountains of Western North America
Ice-free corridor opened between Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets

Answer 6

cordilleran

Question 7

Pleistocene ice sheet centered in the Hudson Bay region and extending across much of Eastern Canada and Northern United States
Ice-free corridor opened between Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets
Explained the entry of the earliest humans into the Americas

Answer 7

laurentide

Question 8

North American archaeological complex dating to roughly 13,500 - 13,000 ya; Representative of specialized big game hunters, who may have driven many late Pleistocene species into extinction
Characterized by distinctive fluted projectile points
Earliest dates for an ice-free corridor
Simplest way to get from Old World to the New World was on foot
Humans passed the glaciers and established themselves on both continents

Answer 8

clovis

Question 9

Paleo- Indian archaeological complex of the Southern Great Plains, around 12,500 ya, characterized by fluted projectile points used for hunting now-extinct bison
Smaller, thinner, proportionally larger central flute
Gave way to long sequence of new point forms
Parallel-flaked projective

Answer 9

folsom

Question 10

animals over 100 pounds. Ex) mammoth, mastodon, giant bison, horse camel, ground sloth
“Large animals”
Killed and butchered at Paleo-Indian hunter sites, evidence they were human prey
Went extinct in the New World
Led to diets becoming more diverse since megafauna was less abundant
Explosion of meteor or other extraterrestrial object contributed to extinctions

Answer 10

megafauna

Question 11

referring to early hunter gatherers who occupied the Americas between 13,500 - 10,000 ya
Hunting and gathering sites are found widely scattered throughout the Americas
Hunters killed and butchered megafauna
Used knives, scrapers, finley flaked and fluted projectile points associated with animal bones to hunt
Some believe they hunted megafauna to their extinction, others blame climate and environmental changes
Fluted point
Chiseling away from uniformity in weaponry and hunting behavior

Answer 11

paleo-indian

Question 12

preserved fecal material, which can be studied for what the contents reveal about diet and health
Found deposits contain seeds, insect exoskeletons, and often tiny scales and bones of fish, rodents and amphibians
Humans remains

Answer 12

coprolites

Question 13

a stadial, or colder stage, between roughly 13,000 and 11,500 ya. The climate became colder and drier but did not return to full glacial conditions in higher latitudes
Period of climatic change; the climate became colder and drier
Humans took advantage of vulnerable animals who were drawn to shrinking water holes during this time which may have accelerated their extinction
General long-term trend of global warming resumed
Dramatically higher temperatures at the end

Answer 13

younger dryas

Question 14

also known as Climatic Maximum, episode of higher average annual temperatures that affected much of the globe for several millennia after the end of the last Ice-Age
Altithermal in Western United States
Hypsithermal in the East
Warmer, dry post glacial time period
Huge rain-fed lakes that filled during glacial times evaporated

Answer 14

altithermal/hypsithermal

Question 15

hunter-gatherers who live in small groups that move camp frequently to take advantage of fresh resources as they come into season, with few resources stored in anticipation of future use
Small groups move frequently to seasonally available resources
Storage for later use is rare, moved around too much, temporary settlements
Maintain stable population density of about one person per 4 square miles
Day-to-day might not always yield a stable diet

Answer 15

foraging

Question 16

hunter-gatherers who tend to stay in one place for a long time. A task group may range far afield to hunt and collect food and other resources that are brought back to camp and shared among its inhabitants. Valued food resources are commonly stored in anticipation of future use
Groups move less and bring resources back to camp to share with others
Storage for later use is common, more of a home base to stock up, jars and pots with leftover residue
Equipment to fish, hunt, and gather

Answer 16

collecting

Question 17

North American Archaeological period that follows the end of the Ice Age and traditionally ends with the beginning of the use of ceramics; equivalent to the Meoslithic in the Old World
New options in their altered environment
Dense forests, edible nut bearing trees
Bands pursued coastal sea mammals or combined inland caribou hunting with fishing
Initiated the critical process of domestication and agriculture

Answer 17

archaic

Question 18

an early postglacial period of hunter-gatherers, especially in north western Europe
Early ecology and foraging economy
Deer skulls with antlers
Modified the environment for their own purposes
Encouraged people to remain longer in one location
Preservation of organic remains
Initiated the critical process of domestication and agriculture

Answer 18

mesolithic

Question 19

Late Pleistocene and early Holocene period of foragers and collectors in the Near East and adjacent parts of Asia
Livelihood from a range of local resources by hunting, fishing, and gathering
Varied from region to region, season to season
Broaden the definition of food by exploiting a wider range of potentially edible species
Relied mostly on hunting or fishing, resulting in more efficient
Rely more heavily on wild plant resources
New way of making a living, development of food production
Initiated the critical process of domestication and agriculture

Answer 19

epipaleolithic

Question 20

“New Stone Age,” the change from hunting and gathering to agriculture
Gordon Childe’s view: maintaining field/herds required a long-term commitment from early farmers, proposed that civilization grew out of increasing productivity, social complexity, and economic advantages
Childe’s term for the far-reaching consequences of food production
People became more sedentary
Larger settlements, less people involved in food production and craft specialization
Sedentism may have stimulated the development of agriculture
Fundamental changes brought about by the beginning of food production
Employed nature to produce crops and animals

Answer 20

neolithic revolution

Question 21

residing in a single location for most or all of the year
more or less settled
spread to villages
can often stimulate food production
natufian established sedentary

Answer 21

sedentary

Question 22

economic system where individuals aren’t involved in food production, but offer their labor to produce other goods and services
An economic system in which some individuals do not engage in food production, but devote their labor to the production of other goods and services
Potters, carpenters, smiths, shamans, teachers, oracels
Exchange their services or products for food and other necessities
Cloth weaving, pottery production, metallurgy

Answer 22

craft specialization

Question 23

A state of interdependence between humans and selected plant or animal species. Intense selection activity induces permanent genetic change, enhancing a species’ value to humans
The Fertile Crescent
Interdependence between organism and human
Genetic transformation, modify the genetic makeup of plants or animals and morphological characteristics
Evolutionary process directed by humans
Animal domestication- meat, pulling plow, riding, milk products, wool, leather, horn, bone, manure fertilizer, social status
Other effects- poor health, dental enamel hypoplasia, porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia, increased diseases

Answer 23

domestication

Question 24

cultural activities associated with planting, herding, and processing domesticated species; farming
Took place across the Americas
Cultural activity
Propagation and exploitation of domesticated plants and animals by humans
Farming and animal herding
Unthinkable without the domestication of plants and animals
Graeme Barker, argues the most profound revolution in human history
Maize, beans, squash, substitute for diets rich in animal protein
Caused diet to change
Overall health quality declined with the development

Answer 24

agriculture

Question 25

evidence of plant use; analysis and interpretation of ancient plant remains Referring to the analysis and interpretation of the remains of ancient plants recovered from the archaeological record Microfossils and macrofossils

Answer 25

archaeobotany

Question 26

microscopic in size Small to microscopic plant remains, most falling in a range of 10 to 100 micrometers (μm), or roughly the size of individual grains of wheat flour in the bag from your grocer's shelf Examples: pollen, phytoliths, starch grains

Answer 26

microfossil

Question 27

large enough to be visible to the naked eye Plant parts such as seeds, nutshells, and stems that have been preserved in the archaeological record and are large enough to be clearly visible to the naked eye Hard to preserve Dry, wet, frozen, halt the process of decomposition Extend valuable insights that archaeo botanists have achieved Examples: wood, nutshell, seeds

Answer 27

macrofossils

Question 28

microscopic grains containing the male gametes of seed-producing plants Palynology is the study of pollen grains

Answer 28

pollen

Question 29

microscopic silica structures formed in the cells of many plants that survive after decomposition A microfossil example

Answer 29

phytoliths

Question 30

subcellular structures that form in all plant parts and can be classified by family or genus; mostly abundant in seeds and tubers Grains are taxonomically distinctive Vary according to where they form in the plant A microfossil example

Answer 30

starch grains

Question 31

interrupted enamel information Enamel defect characterized by thin or absent enamel Part of tooth's surface or entire tooth may have an overly thin layer of dental enamel Poor health effect from domestication

Answer 31

dental enamel hypoplasia

Question 32

an overgrowth of the spongy marrow space of the skull Less varied diet, nutritional deficiencies Poor health effect from domestication

Answer 32

porotic hyperostosis

Question 33

consequence of domestication that is caused by anemia and can be detected in the upper part of the eye sockets Pathological lesions seen in ancient human skeletal collections Less varied diet, nutritional deficiencies Poor health effect from domestication

Answer 33

cribra orbitalia

Question 34

erosions in teeth caused by decay; cavities Overall reduction in tooth size Most common noncommunicable disease worldwide Affects general health and often causes pain and infection, may result in tooth extraction

Answer 34

dental caries

Question 35

the larger social order the includes states related by language, traditions, history, economic ties, and other shared cultural aspects Larger social order that includes culturally-related states Grew out of: increasing productivity, social complexity, economic advantage Traits: writing, mathematics, draft animals, wheeled carts and plows, irrigation, sailing boats, standard of weight and measure, surplus production, craft specialization Neither environment nor culture alone determines the character of a developing civilization

Answer 35

civilization

Question 36

government that controls a territory Social classes; citizenship; monopoly on force; administrative institutions; systems of government Government entity that persists by politically controlling a territory Complex form of political organization

Answer 36

states

Question 37

urban centers that both support, and are supported by, the surrounding lesser communities Hamlets, villages, towns Dominated smaller dependent towns and villages in a region that also supported farming hamlets Complex society, non-kin social organization, craft and administrative specialists, production, trade, religion, and administration centers, prominent ceremonial or civic buildings Uruk was one of the first true cities

Answer 37

cities

Question 38

an urban center with its supporting territory that forms a self-governing sociopolitical unit. Urban centers that form autonomous socio political unites Farmers and other food producers typically lived in the urban center and worked their fields on the outskirts of the city Competed with others for dominance and control in trade, prestige, and religion

Answer 38

city-state

Question 39

a form of state political organization with multiple administrative centers or one or more capitals Cities tended to house the elite and administrate classes Food producers usually lived and worked in the surrounding areas of a city

Answer 39

territorial state

Question 40

no social classes/no social differentiation; informal leadership, "best idea leads"

Answer 40

egalitarian

Question 41

forms of social differentiation are present, but not social classes Few people are "chiefs" more are "indians" Roles can be inherited

Answer 41

ranked

Question 42

social classes signifiant social differentiation true classes exist rigidly hierarchical by comparison

Answer 42

stratified

Question 43

land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, mostly included in modern-day Iraq Old world Centuries after 8,000 ya Sumerians, earliest civilization of Mesopotamia Uruk, first true city Cuneiform, wedge-shaped writing of ancient Mesopotamia Ziggurat, built of millions of baked mud bricks to support temples and religious ceremonies

Answer 43

mesopotamia

Question 44

changed the landscape and the nature of agricultural societies Artificial application of water to the soil through various systems of tubes, pumps, and sprays Fertile the land from availability of water Farmers redirect the river's floodwaters into nearby low-lying fields Unlocked the fertility of the slits that had accumulated on the floodplain for thousands of years Water deposited mineral salts in the farm soil; led to a decrease in its fertility and food-producing capacity

Answer 44

irrigation

Question 45

late sumerian mud-brick temple pyramid Support temples and religious ceremonies Size of football field Endured social problems and pollution in their urban environment Furnished: tables, chairs, beds, equipment for cooking and storage Writing system, flexible

Answer 45

ziggurat

Question 46

wedge-shaped writing of ancient Mesopotamia Pressing reed stylus onto damp clay tablets Backed to preserve and durability Dried in the sun Impression on both sides Writing was important for the development of civilization

Answer 46

cuneiform

Question 47

marks unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Pharaoh Narmer Long history of Egypt's ancient civilization with its kingdoms and pharaohs Originally separated Coming together Upper Egypt's early chiefs took the name and seized control of both Upper and Lower Egypt

Answer 47

narmer palette

Question 48

the picture writing of ancient Egypt Form of writing that combines the use of some symbols for ideas with other symbols for sounds Exclusively with Egyptian royal court, high-status products Advanced methods of copper working: ore refining and alloying, casting, hammering Countless translations

Answer 48

hieroglyphics

Question 49

foretelling the future, prophecy Provides the most extensive evidence of early Chinese writing Heating pen to crack or break bones Heat to thin bones and make then crack Answer could be "read" Inscribing a question on a specially prepared bone: shoulder blade of ox or deer, turtle shell Writing was used in association with divination, oracle bones

Answer 49

divination

Question 50

upright stone monuments with inscriptions to memorialize a place or event in ancient times Posts or stones, often bearing inscriptions Upright slabs Painted structures in bold colors Writing developed by 300-200 BC Able to be deciphered Direct insight to sociopolitical organization

Answer 50

stela

Question 51

form of hieroglyphic writing (maya) illustrated books learn about lives of ordinary people

Answer 51

codices

Question 52

similar to basketball Ceremonial and ritual ball courts Hohokam sites, reveal links to Mexican center to the south Built by nearly all the major cultures of Mesoamerica Olmec followed by Maya

Answer 52

ball court

Question 53

evolution of human biology and culture; concept that biology makes culture possible and the developing culture influences that direction of biological evolution Examples: lactose intolerance, lactase production, dairy products We have become very different from other species Danger to ourselves, other living things, and the earth; humans killing Great Barrier Reef Working to reduce human generated pollution Doubled the average modern human life span Affordable mass transportation, high-tech communication, entertainment

Answer 53

biocultural evolution

Question 54

the current geological epoch during which human behavior/activity has become the earth's dominant influence on climate and the environment Examples: habitat loss, climate change

Answer 54

anthropocene

Question 55

human population increasing at a fast pace In the Philippines, there is an overpopulation of people. ~111 million people on a land area of 120,000 mi^2 Resources going down Destroying our earth year by year, contributes to climate change by burning fossil fuels, littering Having to pick between certain items Single use items, a lot of plastic Only buy what they need

Answer 55

overpopulation

Question 56

long-term heating of Earth's surface observed since the pre-industrial period due to human activities Fossil fuel burning increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere Rapid global climate change has been occurring and continues to occur Human activity has the most significant cause Trap heat in atmosphere Greenhouse gasses into atmosphere

Answer 56

global warming

Question 57

a federal law that was passed in 1990. Provides process for museums and Federal agencies to return certain Native American cultural items - human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony - to lineal descendants, culturally affiliated Indian tribes, and Native Hawaiian organizations 574 federally recognized tribes State recognized tribes, 100s Having trace lineage Things they get since they were here first Lost land and stuff due to colonization Those in the tribe want their ancestors to be buried, not used in museums, science, or for teaching

Answer 57

NAGPRA

Question 58

distinctive fluted projectile points Specialized big-game hunters, who might have driven many late Pleistocene animals into extinction

Answer 58

clovis tool

Question 59

Paleo-Indian archaeological complex of the southern Great Plains, around 12,500 ya, characterized by fluted projectile points used for hunting now-extinct bison Smaller and thinner Proportionally larger central flute Gave way to long sequence of new point form Unfluted but slender Parallel-flaked projective

Answer 59

folsom tool

Question 60

A biface or projectile point having had long, thin flakes removed from each face to prepare the base for hafting, or attachment to a shaft Face typically displays a groove resulting from the removal of a long channel flake Stone cutting and scraping tools Tipped their spears with projectile points

Answer 60

fluted point

Question 61

Great Plains bison-hunting culture of 11,000-9,000 ya, which employed narrow, unfluted points Try to stampede animals into dry streambeds or over cliffs and quickly dispatch those that survived the fall

Answer 61

plano

Question 62

Late or transitional Paleo-Indian projectile point type that dates between 10,000 and 8,000 ya in the eastern United States. Poor bone preservation Leaves little direct information Hunting techniques, favored prey

Answer 62

dalton

Question 63

blade used by Mississippian farmers A type of tool used to till the earth and for other diggings task, how to old larger than fluted point, about the size of your hand

Answer 63

flint hoe

Question 64

Found in Washington State, USA near Columbia River One of the earliest Paleoindian fossils "The Ancient One" Large stone spear point embedded in his hip Died at around age 40, 5'7" about 160 lbs Right handed Teeth cavity-free- food low in sugars and starches Fractured glenoid rim at socket of shoulder joint, heavy blow to chest with 6 ribs breaking, 2 small depression fractures DNA sequencing closely related to modern Native Americans Was repatriated and reburied in 2017 Buried with face up, head slightly higher than feet, chin pressed onto chest

Answer 64

kennewick man

Question 65

Process for museums and Federal agencies to return certain Native American cultural items Human remains, funerary object, sacred objects, objects of cultural patrimony Those people were here first, lost their land due to colonization Tribes just want their ancestors back to bury them due to culture/ceremonies Not just skeletal remain but ceremonial pieces and other things also

Answer 65

NAGPRA importance

Question 66

Climate change or human population Increased human-animal/plant contact Competition for resources as population increased Used other food resources to broaden diet Fertile Crescent, known area for agriculture, fertile land and availability of water via irrigation Growing crops Greater economic commitment

Answer 66

agriculture and domestication effects

Question 67

The change from hunting and gathering to agriculture "New Stone Age" period of farmers Childe's term for the far-reaching consequences of food production Fundamental changes brought about by the beginning of food production Employed nature to produce crops and animals New settlement patterns technologies, significant biocultural effects Maintaining fields and herd demanded a long=term commitment from early farmers

Answer 67

neolithic revolution and the rise of agriculture

Question 68

Maintaining fields/herds required a long-term commitment from early farmers Became more sedentary Stored food supported more permanent communities Less people involved in food production civilization agriculture and domestication Where it began, how they were coming up the ideas Environmental and cultural Rainfall, oases hypotheses- need water to grow crops, drink, where people and animals are congurating

Answer 68

childe

Question 69

"Packing model" Competition for resources as population increased People moved into marginal areas with few resources populations stayed in one place and got larger, all people couldn't live in that area Competition for resources Pushed people to the outskirts

Answer 69

binford

Question 70

Used other food resources to broaden their diet agreed with Binford partially, Used other resources to supplement their diet Transition from hunter/gather to staying in one place, to creating civilization

Answer 70

flannery

Question 71

Complex society, non-kin social organizations, craft and administrative specialists, production, trade, religion, and administration centers, prominent ceremonial or civic buildings Urban centers that both support and are supported by the surrounding lesser communities Elite and administrative classes typically lived in the cities

Answer 71

characteristics of a city

Question 72

Class structure or hierarchy, usually based on political, economic, or social standing, "class-based"

Answer 72

social stratification

Question 73

Concepts of kinship Class systems Upper class supported by use of force Control of means of production Basic types of political organization Basic types of administrative institutions Broad diversity of environments and cultures, indicate that neither environment nor culture alone determines the character of a developing civilization

Answer 73

similarities among early civilization

Question 74

Cuneiform, type of writing that evolved in Sumeria Important for the development of civilization Script was produced by pressing a reed stylus into damp clay "tablet" and then baking for durability, dried in the sun, impression on both sides

Answer 74

mesopotamia sumerian culture

Question 75

hieroglyphics, form of writing that combines the use of some symbols for ideas with other symbols for sounds, picture writing

Answer 75

egypt

Question 76

developed a writing system that could not be read

Answer 76

pakistan and india/indus

Question 77

writing predicted the future, divination. Heated pen to crack or break bones, writing used in association with divination

Answer 77

china, shang dynasty

Question 78

codices, form hieroglyphic writing. Stelae, upright posts or stones, often bearing inscriptions

Answer 78

maya

Question 79

living in a grid system Mohenjo-Daro, important city City planning, organized public areas, residential blocks, first efficient sewer system river flows through present day Pakistan, city planning, grid style, sewer system, writing system could not be read

Answer 79

indus

Question 80

Well-known artifacts of Shang Dynasty, they were used to ancestor worship rituals Stone cravings, bronze, ceramic vessels Bronze foundries, pottery kilns, bone workshops

Answer 80

bronze ritual vessel

Question 81

Olmec art Jade beads, figurines, known for large buried cach of 460 small, carved Olmec jades Monumental sculptures and smaller well-crafted carvings of jade and other attractive stones

Answer 81

jade figurines

Question 82

"Global warming" Occurring and continues to occur Human activity has the most significant cause Result of burning fossil fuels Trap heat in atmosphere Serious and urgent problem Greenhouse gasses into atmosphere Biggest environmental impact

Answer 82

global climate change

Question 83

buried community, details about classic Maya village life 18 feet beneath ash from expelled nearby volcano Harvest of maize, beans, squash, tomatoes, chiles Stored in baskets and pots

Answer 83

ceren

Question 84

civic- ceremonial center Sunken courtyards of temples with underground chambers and passageways Art featured jaguars, snakes, birds of prey and mythological creatures

Answer 84

chavin

Question 85

capital is Tula in the valley of Mexico Created pre-Aztec empire Power declined during a long drought that affected most of the continent

Answer 85

toltec

Question 86

tenochtitlan, Aztec capital, built on present-day Mexico City Dominated the Valley of Mexico and surrounding area

Answer 86

aztecs

Question 87

Huaca del Sol, Pyramid of the Sun. 100 million hand-formed bricks, largest prehistoric structures in the Americas peru's north coast Hold over its neighbors through warfare Expanding agricultural lands in the conquered areas

Answer 87

moche

Question 88

regional state and city of the same name that developed in southern Peru

Answer 88

wari

Question 89

Staff God Deity, religious symbol, origins go back to the Norte Chico region Holds a staff in each hand

Answer 89

tiwanaku

Question 90

Chan Chan capital revealed nearly a dozen royal compounds Served as a palace, storehouse, and tomb for successive monarchs Peasants lived in crowded spaces

Answer 90

chimor

Question 91

capital city was Cuzco Sophisticated culture dominated Peru at the time of the European arrival Term for their highest ruler Expanded quickly until it was conquered by the Spansih conquistadors

Answer 91

inka

Question 92

living near water, important for trade and survival Uruk, first true city. Population grew to be a "city-state" Inscribed tablets Religious structures

Answer 92

sumerian civilization