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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Choosing boar guidelines

A

Improvement using boar> gilts
Concern when selecting boar from litters on farm
Consider purchasing animal vs semen
-1 boar/ 20 sows live cover
-1 boar/ 200 sows AI
Purchase 6-7 months of age, use no earlier than 8 months of age

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2
Q

Purpose of boar guidelines

A

Replacement gilts
Terminal market hogs- good market characteristics

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3
Q

Traits to look for in boar

A

Behavior
Reproductive soundness
Conformation
Dam productivity
Performance
Backfat

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4
Q

Behavior

A

Look at: temperament, sex characteristics (have libido to breed), aggressiveness

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5
Q

Reproductive soundness

A

12+ evenly spaces teats
No genetic abnormalities
Strong feet and legs
Wide stance
Ability to move freely

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6
Q

Conformation

A

Body length, depth, height, size, etc

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7
Q

Dam productivity

A

Consider when using to make replacement gilts, boars selected from litters of 10+ farrowed and 8+ weaned
-reproductive and growth traits (Maternal Line Index)

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8
Q

Performance

A

More emphasis on individual than pedigree
Reach 250 lbs at 155 days of age (or less)
Gain 2+ lb/day

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9
Q

Backfat

A

Carcass merit traits- trying to maintain or decrease fat
Loin muscle area ( want large)
Backfat thickness (10th rib Backfat of 250 lb boar < 0.8 in)
Negative # decreases Backfat on future generations

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10
Q

Expected progeny differences

A

Estimate how future progeny of sire chosen will do
-compare between sires of same breed
Each trait has associated accuracy of prediction

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11
Q

Selection index

A

Incorporate genetic evaluation of performance record
-include multiple traits together
Based on economic value of each trait
Provides overall breeding value in terms of $
Values based on 100

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12
Q

NBA

A

Number born alive ( want big #)
# (+ or -) of offspring born in litter
Expressed as numbers of individuals
10% heritable- good chance it wont be passed down

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13
Q

LW21

A

Litter 21-day weight (want large number)
Weight in pounds (+ or -) of total litter at weaning adjusted to 21 days
15% heritable, not good indication of breeding

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14
Q

D/250

A

Days to 250 lbs
#(+ or -) of days it takes to reach 250 lbs
- days= reach 250 lbs quicker
Reflects feed efficiency and intake
35% heritable

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15
Q

BF

A

Backfat depth
10th rib Backfat amount (+ or -) adjust to a 250 lb hog
Expected difference from the current average
Measured in inches
Negatively correlated to muscle
40% heritable

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16
Q

Terminal sire index

A

Uses DAYS, BF, LBS (pounds of fat free lean), feed/pound gain
-use for choosing boar with Terminal traits

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17
Q

Maternal line index

A

Includes TSI and SPI (sow productivity index)= BF, DAYS, LBS, NBA, LWT, NW
Maternal traits weighted 2x as much
-Based on average= 100

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18
Q

Boar housing area

A

Penned separately
Crates
Pens
Total or partial slatted flooring

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19
Q

boar breeding area

A

Common no ownership area (neutral)
-reduces territorial behavior
Runs females and males into
Variable
Flooring is most important
-good footing to ensure mounting
-Avoid slippery or wet flooring
-free of sharp and dangerous objects
-create favorable/ enjoyable environment

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20
Q

Housing environment for boars

A

> 85F reduces semen quality
=lower farrowing rates
=lower litter sizes
Ventilation
Evaporative coolers, misters, droppers

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21
Q

Boar nutrition

A

Normal feeding up to finishing period to maximize growth rate
At 6 mo of age up to breeding, boars are limit-fed to prevent over fattening
BCS 3 ideal, Whitaker likes backbone of 2 for boars

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22
Q

Routine management of boars

A

Daily observations -loss of appetite, listlessness, lameness
Vaccinations
Treat for mange and Lice
Tusk trimming -enlarged tooth in males, 2x a year

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23
Q

erysipelas

A

Bacteria: ersipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Infection by ingestion
Acute form results in 50-75% death loss
Edema of nose= breathing like snoring
Diamon-skin lesions
-make sure there aren’t sores from laying down (erysipelas would be on side)

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24
Q

Leptospirosis

A

Bacteria: leptospira pomona
Infection by contact (mucous membrane)
Reproductive failure
Difficult to observe in adult pigs

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25
Parvovirus
Virus: parvovirus Reproductive failure Very difficult to diagnose
26
Mange
Aka scabies, scab, itch 15 day life cycle, occurs on body of pig Female lays eggs under skin Ear->neck-> body Irritated skin, crusting skin Insecticides
27
Lice
Sucking and biting louse Life cycle occurs on body of pig Female lays eggs on hair near skin All parts of Body Irritated skin, weight loss Insecticides and sanitization
28
Individual breeding
1 boar w female in heat Aka hand-mating Lots of labor Higher conception rates 1 boar can’t do more than twice a day, 7 Times/week
29
Pen mating
Boar in pen w random females Rotate boars every couple days
30
Semen characteristics
1 dose= 100 ml 1 dose= 3 billion sperm Look for 70-90% motility prior to insemination Extender keeps sperm viable for7+ days
31
Replacement gilts guidelines
Expensive External gilts= bio security risk Well developed underline Reproductive soundness Feet and leg soundness Performance (fast growing, from large litters, from good milk producing mothers)
32
replacement gilts considerations
Average culling rate 42% Avg death rate 8% Avg parity of culls 4
33
Visual evaluation
Structural soundness Volume and body capacity Muscle Leanness Underline quality
34
Sow productivity index
Uses NBA, LWT, NW Indicates reproductive ability Based on average= 100
35
HAL gene
Aka porcine stress syndrome Pigs have PSE pork Originally selected for because it produced a leaner hog
36
ESR gene
Estrogen sulfate receptor Increases ovulation rate +1 NBA/ litter
37
K88 gene
E.Coli binds to K88 receptor in gut No K88= no E.Coli= no scours
38
Skin color
White skin is dominant allele Creates white offspring regardless of parent skin Packers prefer white skinned hogs
39
Age at puberty
5-8 months
40
Weight at puberty
180+ lbs
41
Duration of estrus
2-3 days
42
Length of estrous cycle
20-22 days (21 avg)
43
Time of ovulation
12 hours before estrus ends
44
weaning to estrus interval
3-7 days (5 avg)
45
length of gestation
114 days (3-3-3)
46
Estrus synchronization
Prepubertal gilts- not already through puberty Mature sows and gilts- already cycling Weaned sows-lactating, already farrowed
47
Before puberty
GnRH not really there Low concentration Infrequent
48
After puberty
GnRH level increases Consistent
49
Boar exposure
Works with prepubertal gilts “Boar effect” Stimulates release GnRH 70-80% gilts show estrus in 28 days
50
Large group of females
Cycle at 28 weeks
51
Small group of females
Cycle at 32 weeks
52
Small group with boar
Direct contact and no contact cycle at 24 weeks
53
Prepubertal gilts
PG600 Injection of eCG (FSH like) and hCG (LH like) 80% gilts show estrus 5-10 days after inj
54
Cycling females
Matrix-> oral progestin Fed for 14 days 80-90% pig display estrus 4-9 day after removal
55
group weaning
Wean all piglets at once Removes inhibition on GnRH (from suckling) 90% weaned sows display estrus within 10 days after removal
56
pure breeding
Eligible for breed registration Lineage Breed purity Breed promotion Represent ~1% of US pig population Necessary to maintain genetic diversity and progress Foundation of crossbreeding
57
Crossbreeding
Mating animals of different breeds Capitalize on traits controlled by additive and non additive gene action = highly heritable traits and aim for high heterosis
58
Additive gene action
Select for G gene Incremental gene action Almost all traits are polygenic Offspring trait is avg of parent traits -amount of variation due to genetics
59
Non-additive gene action
Not all traits respond to additive gene effects Offspring trait differs from average trait of parents= heterosis
60
Individual heterosis
Improvement in performance traits like growth rate and feed efficiency Due to cross breeding (must have)
61
Maternal heterosis
Improvement in performance in sows and their progeny from using a crossbred dam Pre and post natal environment, large litter sizes, higher rebrewing rates (repro traits)
62
Paternal heterosis
Improvement in performance in boars and their progeny from using a crossbred sire Libido, breeding, longevity
63
Maternal Line
Select for highly heritable traits Use crossbred females to maximize heterosis (health and reproduction)
64
Two Breed terminal cross
All progeny will go to market 100% heterosis
65
Three breed terminal cross
100% heterosis 1/2 one breed, 1/4 two other breeds
66
two Breed Rotational cross
Two breeds mated and resulting female offspring kept as replacement and bred back to one of two breeds -in future females bred to opposite sex, keeps heterosis high?
67
Three-breed rotational cross
Two breed roatational but add third breed to mix Keep few to stay within herd
68
Breeding
Estrogen level low when in estrus -seeking boar occurs during estrus -riding behavior occurs before estrus and after -some vulva discharge, reddened vulva happening at beginning of estrus Become immobile when mounted in heat and could suck up semen if in strong heat
69
Gestation critical periods
First 30 days, last 30 days
70
Gestation time line
0: fertilization 1-12 : embryonic migration 11-14: MRP 14-30: implantation 90-114: rapid growth of piglets
71
Inherent losses during gestation
43% of potential pigs lost during gestation -about 1/3 potential pigs lost during 1st 30 days
72
Gestation temperature
60-68F keep at right temp Manage heat and cold stress
73
Open fronted
Indoors and outdoors, solid concrete flooring ~15 ft2/ sow
74
Enclosed
More control, less labor, land efficient
75
Individual stalls
2’x7’, traditional No aggression/fighting Regulate feed intake AI friendly Easier observations
76
Group pens
Typically AI first in stalls ~ 5 weeks then group LOTS of fighting ~24 ft@/ sow Feeding becomes primary issue: group feeding vs individual feeding
77
Gestation crates banned in
Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Maine, Massachusetts, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island ~20% of the country and ~10% of sows _75% farms still use gestation crates
78
PRRS
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome Blue coloration o skin Late term abortion (107 days) Poor offspring Labored breathing of offspring Virus Vaccine available (16 weeks)
79
SMEDI
Still birth, mummification, embryonic death and infertility Syndrome Name says it all, PPV often a culprit
80
Prefarrowing
Deworm sows 2 weeks before farrowing room entry Farrowing room empty, cleaned, disinfected and dry for 5-7 days Was the sows Limit feed the sows (4-6 lb per day) Use laxative diet -20 lb/ ton Epsom salts -15 lb/ton KCl -Linseed meal (protein source)
81
Farrowing
Birth process-shortest but most important period Labor= 1-10 hours (avg 3) Interval between pigs= 1 min- 1 hour (avg 15 min) 75% anterior presentation
82
Induced farrowing
Prostaglandin 3 days or less before due date Farrowing occurs 16-24 hours after
83
Assisting in farrowing
Oxytocin After 30+ min and no new piglet
84
Farrowing crates
Minimize crushing and allow piglet to access teats Forces sow to drop slowly to knees then roll over Crate is narrow at top and wide at bottom
85
Lactation physiology
Suckling->posterior pituitary-> mammary gland targeted to produce milk ( milk synthesis) Anterior pituitary leads to increased oxytocin which causes milk letdown (prolactin)
86
Lactation nutrition sow
No feed 1st 20-24 hours after farrowing Can include laxative diet for first day Want to increase full feeding ASAP Try to have sows stand at least 3 time a day
87
Lactation nutrition piglet
Need iron within 1st 3-4 days Prestarter feed (20% CP) in pans [~ 1 week of age] Starter feed (18%) afterwards until weaning
88
MMA
Mastitis-Metritis Alactia Complex mastitis= inflammation of mammary gland Metritis= inflammation of uterus Agalactia= failure to secret milk No fatal Hurts offspring more than sow, usually due to E.Coli
89
CAFO
Concentrated animal feeding operation -confine livestock or poultry prior to market 2500 hogs > 55 lb 10000 hogs <55lb 45+ days of confinement (over one year)
90
Manure
Feces+ Urine+ bedding +other
91
Manure forms
Liquid slurry (<15% solid) Semi- solid (>20% solid) Dry
92
Manure nutrients
Water Carbon- from digested plant material direct spreading of solids CO2 or CH4 nitrogen- ~10lb/ton, ammonium, urea; product of protein breakdown Phosphorous- ~9lb/ ton, digested plant material; P2O6 of phytate Potassium- digested plant material, K2O Sulfur-digested plant, animal, bacterial proteins, H2SO4
93
Pig manure ratio
N:P:K 10:9:8 Corn requirement when fertilizing: 10:4:10 (P amt doubled is issue)
94
Phytoestrogens
Converts phytate (non-digestable) into inorganic phosphate
95
WMS
1. Manual or mechanical scraping 2. Gravity draining for sloped pens 3. Flushing with dump tanks, siphons or pumping systems with automatic or manually controlled valves 4. Continuous flushing, takes large amounts of water
96
Aerobic lagoons
Very rare, won’t ask about? Aerobic bacteria use oxygen to decompose organic material Breakdown of organic material is relatively complete Decomposition acitvity is slow Odor output is reduced Lagoons usually very shallow with large surface area
97
Anaerobic lagoons
Anaerobic bacteria do not require oxygen for decomp of organic material Breakdown of organic material is incomplete Odors more prevalent Decomp occurs quickly
98
Slurry system
Manure stored in large reservoir (above ground) No extra water added to manure (4-15% solids) Collection easy Volume minimal Fertilizer value improved
99
Sprinkler/ irrigation
Usually endpoint is cropland Sprayed through sprinkler system Released into irrigation ditches Reincorporation into environment
100
Constructed wetlands
Water from treatment/ storage component passes slowly through a wetland that is full of plants Plants utilize any organic material left for growth Water re-enters environment Reincorporation into environment
101
Solid fertilizer
Usually slid material after dehydration and/ or solid separation is mixed with organic matter or pelleted and used for fertilization This is mixed with wood chips to form potting soil
102
Primal
Wholesale
103
Market channels
Auction (open market) Direct to buyer (private treaty) Contracts (futures) base pricing on future hogs
104
Ticker symbol
LH
105
Exchange
CME
106
Price quote
$/ cwt
107
Contract size
40000 lbs LH 235 hogs?
108
Prices highest
May and July
109
Price based on
Corn
110
Seller
Company Industry
111
Buyer
Producer Facility owner Farmer Grow pigs out

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