Final

Question 1

built environment

Answer 1

human-made structures, features, and facilities viewed collectively as an environment in which people live and work

Question 2

Infrastructure

Answer 2

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise

Question 3

Previous HHS

Answer 3

focused on messaging and a top-down approach that preached at people to ‘eat better and exercise more’

Question 4

top down approach

Answer 4

proven ineffective

Question 5

New approach of HHS

Answer 5

focused on factors in the built environment

Question 6

Examples of NCDs

Answer 6

• Coronary Heart disease
• diabetes

Question 7

2 other terms used for NCD

Answer 7

• chronic disease
• lifestyle disease

Question 8

3 major risk factor categories

Answer 8

• biological (age)
• environmental (air)
• behavioral (smoking)

Question 9

2 of the risk factors most susceptible to change

Answer 9

• environmental
• behavioral

Question 10

CHD

Answer 10

• associated with atherosclerosis
• thickening of the inner lining of arteries
• contributor to heart attack and stroke death
• diseases of the heart and blood vessels are the leading cause of death in the US

Question 11

Physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for CHD

Answer 11

some of it is determine by genetics

Question 12

Framingham heart study

Question 13

population attributable risk

Answer 13

the proportion of the incidence of a disease in the population that is due to exposure

Question 14

US population at risk

Answer 14

not everyone has the same risk, those who are physically inactive have a higher risk

Question 15

Web of causation

Answer 15

there are many contributing factors that help lead to a disease

Question 16

importance of active commuting, schools, and environments that encourage

Answer 16

• longevity
• health
• cost

Question 17

examples of great infrastructure in cities

Answer 17

bike friendly roadways and parking

Question 18

Chris boardman

Answer 18

• big biker
• first commissioner for cycling and walking

Question 19

Life-sized City

Answer 19

• car usage is decreasing and bike usage is increasing
• faster, more cost-effective, more direct route

Question 20

Built environment stats

Answer 20

today’s 10 year-olds are the first generation expected to have a shorter life expectancy than their parents

Question 21

Obesogenic

Answer 21

tending to cause obesity

Question 22

Built environment impact to health span and compression of morbidity

Answer 22

Improving/optimizing the built environment for activity, health outcomes will improve

Question 23

Health span

Answer 23

part of a person’s life in good health

Question 24

compression of morbidity

Answer 24

in shorter time/compressed

Question 25

easy changes in built environment for healthy habits

Answer 25

place healthy foods at eye level/easily accessible place

Question 26

EPIC

Answer 26

European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

Question 27

3 components health-diet-sustainability

Answer 27

- grams of CO2 per day - liters of H20 used per day - area of land used per day

Question 28

most to least on 3 components

Answer 28

diet < vegetarian < vegan

Question 29

There is a direct relationship between how similar a country's diet to _____ and ____

Answer 29

Mediterranean; longevity

Question 30

Mediterranean diet is good for ___

Answer 30

elderly persons

Question 31

Cretan diet was associated with low rates of

Answer 31

- CHD - Cancer - all potential causes of death

Question 32

key differences between the Crete diet and US railroad and Zutphen diet

Answer 32

- more fish in Crete - more sugar and pastries - less alcohol

Question 33

does having 2 copies of the APO-E4 allele mean you will definitely get AD?

Answer 33

- no

Question 34

What is the conclusion of Dr. Greger's video

Answer 34

- diet trumps genes - pharmacologic interventions can reduce risk

Question 35

Dr. Valter Longo won a Nobel Prize for research in intermittent fasting

Answer 35

- he and others have shown reduced body weight, waist, circumference, inflammation, improved cognition

Question 36

Cancer rates are lower demonstrated by the EPIC data

Answer 36

- these cancers we have talked about - physical activity, fiber, meat intake, oat cereal intake, are significantly associated with various cancer risks

Question 37

mismatched genome hypothesis

Answer 37

* What are genes were not made for the environment that we live in, so we see consequences * Physical inactivity -> failure to maintain homeostatic signaling -> inhibition of health promoting proteins, activation of disease promoting protein -> decreases survival

Question 38

Since the Paleolithic Age

Answer 38

our genomes haven't changed - mismatch comes in when you consider that our environmental and physical activity factors are very different/mismatched

Question 39

mismatched genome hypothesis

Answer 39

there is the cycle of feast and famine/physical activity that used to function normally

Question 40

Famine period required

Answer 40

physical activity and hunger

Question 41

cycle of feast and famine now ___

Answer 41

disrupted

Question 42

consequences of the stalling of the cycle

Answer 42

* No cycling of metabolic processes – fuel gets shunted into an even greater and unhealthy storage, prescipitating the metabolic syndrome

Question 43

2 things we can do to stop stalling from happening

Answer 43

- exercise - calorie deficit

Question 44

______ and ______ of fasting

Answer 44

- medical - biological

Question 45

Medical

Answer 45

reduction in body weight and obesity, reduced incidence of diseases like cancer, CVD, neurodegeneration, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome

Question 46

biological

Answer 46

- decreased inflammation, increased autophagy

Question 47

autophagy

Answer 47

o Consumption of the body’s own tissue as a metabolic process occurring in starvation and certain diseases o A conservation process to preserve energy homeostasis and cellular fitness by the catabolic process of intracellular components, is associated with aging and longevity o Cleaning-out process similar to what system in the brain covered recently