Final

Question 1

What are the two heuristic groups of australopithecines?

Answer 1

Gracile and robust

Question 2

What is ardipithecus dated as and where was it found?

Answer 2

4.4 myr
Ethiopia

Question 3

Why was ardipithecus classed as a hominid?

Answer 3

Biped - pushed off second toe
Still has abducted toe

Question 4

What was the brain size and face shape of ardipithecus?

Answer 4

• 300- 500 cc
• less projecting then chimp

Question 5

What is different about ardipithecus’ canines?

Answer 5

• Smaller canines then a chimp
• largest canines of the hominid group
• less sexually dimorphic than chimps

Question 6

Example of gracile?

Answer 6

Australopithecus Africanas
Taung child

Question 7

Gracile morphological traits

Answer 7

• Smaller canines
• less projecting face
• larger molars
• same brain size as a chimp 400 - 500cc

Question 8

Sexual dimorphism of australopithecine

Answer 8

• Large sexual dimorphism
• hints to polygynous mating system

Question 9

Where and when were “robust” australopithecines?

Answer 9

• Bosei
  East Africa
  2.1-1.1 Mya
• robustus
  South Africa
  1.8 -1 mya

Question 10

Dentition of robustus

Answer 10

Small incisors “peg-like”
Enormous molars and mandible

Question 11

Why does robustos have a wide face

Answer 11

• Small front teeth
• huge molars
  Sagitta crest for large chewing muscles
  Large zygomatic arch

Question 12

Information on transitional phase between late Australopithecus and early homo

Answer 12

• Africa - 2 million years ago
• bigger skulls OR more modern-shaped faces
• never both
• small bodies

Question 13

Habilines

Answer 13

• 1.9 Mya from East Africa
• 510cc cranial capacity
• smaller face vs Australopithecus
• small front and back teeth
• projecting brow ridge
• low post-orbital constriction
• stone tools = unknown

Question 14

“Rudolfensis”

Answer 14

• 1.9 Mya East Africa
• 775 cc
• large Australopithecus face
• large molar and front teeth
• No brow ridge
  Stone tools unknown

Question 15

Homo ergaster unique

Answer 15

• 1.8 Mya in Africa
  Unique in morphology in technology

Question 16

Ergaster example and post cranial construction

Answer 16

Nariokotomc boy
Males
- bigger bodies
- 1.65 myr
- thin
- heavily muscled

Question 17

Advantages of ergaster morphology

Answer 17

• Heat adaptation
• hunting-related running

Question 18

Teeth morphology of ergaster and why

Answer 18

Front teeth and molars get smaller

Different diet perhaps due to processing of food with fire and tools

Question 19

Projection of ergaster face

Answer 19

Less projection

Question 20

Brow ridge of ergaster

Answer 20

Large and projecting
Also called suprorbital sulcus

Question 21

Homo ergaster occipital bone

Answer 21

Also called nuchal torus
Hints to strong neck muscle
Could mean stranger sight

Question 22

Sexual dimorphism in ergaster

Answer 22

Less sexual dimorphism
Could indicate pair- bonding

Question 23

What are acheulean tools dated to

Answer 23

1.7 Mya

Question 24

Attributes of Acheulean tools

Answer 24

Hints to a smarter animal
- multiple steps
- biracial flaking
- shows mental templating

Question 25

Where did heidelbergensis live

Answer 25

- Evolved first in Africa - spread to Europe and Asia

Question 26

When did heidelbergensis live

Answer 26

800,000 - 200,000 kyr

Question 27

What was the climate like for heidelbergensis

Answer 27

Colder

Question 28

Anatomy of heidelbergensis to ergaster

Answer 28

Larger cranial capacity Wider parietal bones Sägittal keeling Kept from ergaster -Brow ridge - thick cranial bone - nuchal torus

Question 29

Where did Neanderthals live

Answer 29

Europe below latitude 55°N West to the edge of Siberia South to the near East

Question 30

When did Neanderthals live

Answer 30

200 - 29 kyr

Question 31

What climate did Neanderthals live

Answer 31

Glaciers repeatedly spread and receded

Question 32

Neanderthal "derived" features

Answer 32

- Double-arched, continuously thick brow ridge - long low cranium "football" - projecting midface - by nose - occipital bun - retromolar gap - no chin

Question 33

Where and what did modern humans appear

Answer 33

- Appear in Africa - 160 kyr - 1450 cc - round cranium "bowling ball" - weak nuchal torus - gracile, flat face

Question 34

What is a mental trigon?

Answer 34

Triangle on chin

Question 35

What is a mental trigonc

Answer 35

Triangle shape on chin

Question 36

Mental trigon

Answer 36

Shape on chin

Question 37

How is facial prognathism related to thesize of the anterior dentition

Answer 37

The larger the canines the more prognathism present

Question 38

Why would tool use lead to a reduction in tooth and face size

Answer 38

More processed foods mean less need for such large zygomatic and large teeth

Question 39

What are some hypotheses for the function of the Supra orbital torus

Answer 39

- Sweat - fights - sexual selection

Question 40

Function and understanding from the nuchal torus

Answer 40

-For the neck muscles to attach to - hunting - carrying

Question 41

What do the dental and cranial features of early homo show in difference from australopithacines

Answer 41

- Tools - Fire

Question 42

What could be evidence of interbreeding between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens

Answer 42

- Projecting middle face - occipital bun - brow ridge

Question 43

What type of prognathism do Neanderthals have

Answer 43

Midfacial

Question 44

Diastema

Answer 44

Gracile

Question 45

What species does suprainiac fossa appear in

Answer 45

Neanderthals

Question 46

What is the order of species

Answer 46

- Ardipithecus - gracile - robust - habilines - heidelbergensis - Neanderthals - ergastor - sapien

Question 47

What is a hominid and how does it differ from other apes

Answer 47

- Erect, bipedal, primate mammals - less prognathism - taller -Bipeds - smaller canines and molars

Question 48

Derived traits

Question 49

Stone tool industries and which hominids areassociated with each

Answer 49

- Oldowan and archulean - habilines = oldowan - ergaster = archulean

Question 50

L