Final Flashcards
1
Q
Which is a primary reason for cells to stop reproducing and growing?
A
apoptosis
2
Q
What cell is responsible for clotting blood?
A
Thrombocytes
3
Q
Which neurotransmitter causes skeletal muscle to contract if one receptor is stimulated and decreases the heart rate if a different receptor is stimulated?
A
acetylocholine
4
Q
Which is the primary cholinergic neurotransmitter?
A
acetylocholine
5
Q
Which is a cholinergic receptor?
A
nicotinic
6
Q
Which is the major inhibitor neurotransmitter found in the brain?
A
GABA
7
Q
When bronchioles are stimulated to dilate, which receptor is involved?
A
Beta-1
8
Q
Which are the body’s responses when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?
A
Pupils dilate, heart strengthens contractions and bronchi dilate
9
Q
Which part of the brain is responsible for vital functions, like respiration, vomiting, swallowing, coughing, and blood pressure regulation?
A
Brain stem
10
Q
What tissues are most frequently affected by chemotherapy?
A
GI and bone marrow
11
Q
Killed vaccines readily replicate within the host which makes them highly effective at stimulating the immune response to develop antibodies.
A
False
12
Q
Which category of drug is used for sedation, muscle relaxation and anxiety?
A
benzodiazepine
13
Q
An aggressive dog needs a physical exam and blood work. Which drug would allow us to examine the dog then send it home?
A
acepromazine
14
Q
Which is an advantage of using inhalant anesthesia?
A
slow to change depth
15
Q
Which category of drug stimulates mu and kappa receptors and is used for analgesia?
A
opioids
16
Q
What do lidocaine, atropine, dopamine, and vasopressin have in common?
A
These agents are all used for cardiac emergencies and should be readily available in the crash cart
17
Q
Hematinics
A
Substances that tend to promote an increase in oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
18
Q
Erythropoietin
mimics the bodies hormone that is released by the ______ to stimulate RBC production by ________
A
Kidney; Bone marrow;
19
Q
Erythropoietin used in
A
CRF
20
Q
Iron
A
mineral necessary for the production of RBCs
21
Q
Iron used in
A
piglet anemia and other mild anemias
22
Q
Androgens
A
promote tissue anabolism, weight gain and RBC production
23
Q
Androgens used in
A
CRF (less expensive that erythropoietin, but controlled)
24
Q
Whole Blood
A
transfusion to increase the number of RBCs
25
Blood substitutes
hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier solutions
26
Oxyglobin
expensive, but long self-life and universally compatible
27
Coagulation
Designed to inhibit the loss of vital blood constituents from the circulatory system
28
Mechanical stage of coagulation
Platelet aggregation
29
Heparin
Green top tubes used for chemical analysis
30
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
Lavender top tubes for CBC and morphology of cells
31
Coumarin derivatives
Prevention of thromboembolism, toxic levels must be monitored
32
Antiplatelet drugs
Prevention of thromboembolism; heartworm treatment and HCM (Aspirin)
33
Hemostatics
Substances that promote blood clotting
34
Topical agents
Provide a framework in which a clot may form or by coagulating blood protein to initiate clot formation. Used to control capillary bleeding or bleeding from other small vessels
35
Parenteral agents
Act as anticoagulant antagonists
◦ Protamine sulfate – used for heparin overdose
◦ Vitamin K1 – used to treat coumarin overdose or rat poisoning
36
Fibrinolytic Drugs
Used to break down or dissolve thrombi
May help to remove or reduce the size of the occluding thromboembolus and minimize tissue damage
37
Tumor
any tissue mass or swelling (broad term)
38
Neoplasia
abnormal growth of tissue into a mass that is not
responsive to normal cellular control mechanisms
39
Benign
grow locally, usually not invasive and rarely cause mortality
40
Malignant (cancer)
neoplasia that can cause destruction of tissue origin;
these can be locally invasive or cause metastasis (move to other tissues in the body)
41
Alkylating Agents
Cell cycle nonspecific used for various cancers
42
Anthracyclines
Cell cycle nonspecific used for lymphoproliferative cancers
43
Antimetabolites
S phase Cell cycle specific used for lymphoproliferative, Gi, and liver cancers
44
Antitubulin Agents
M phase Cell cycle specific used for carcinomas, mast cell and splenic
45
Immunosuppressive drugs
Used in veterinary medicine to treat various immune-mediated
disorders; particularly atopic dermatitis
46
Rabies vaccine
Distal right rear leg
47
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
Distal left rear leg
48
All other vaccines
Right shoulder area
49
Location of vaccine administration also important in cattle
Lateral cervical neck
50
In horses, most vaccines are administered via subcutaneous and intramuscular route
In lateral cervical neck or semitendinosus
51
Active Immunity
1. Most vaccinations stimulate the immune system to activate B-cells, T- cells and produce antibodies & memory cells to that organism
2. Vaccine types differ in their ability to produce an adequate immune
response
52
Passive Immunity
1. The patient’s immune system does not get activated.
2 The patient gets antibodies that are ready to fight
53
Inactivated (killed) vaccines
Requires repeat dosing to get adequate response and response can be short
54
Live vaccines
May be fully virulent or avirulent and therefore cause illness
55
Modified live (attenuated) vaccines
Effective vaccines, that produce long lived response with fewer repeated doses
56
Recombinant vaccines
Fewer side effects and produce effective immunity
57
Toxoid vaccines
Produces immunity to a toxin instead of an organism
58
Antitoxin vaccines
◦ Produce immediate passive immunity
◦ Immunity is short lived (about 7 to 14 days)
59
Antiserum
Kills living, infectious antigens
◦ Immunity is short lived
◦ Do not vaccine within 21 days after antiserum is given
60
Autogenous vaccine
Contains organisms isolated from an infected animal on a farm where a disease outbreak is occurring
61
Mixed vaccine
◦ Contains a mixture of different antigens
◦ Also referred to as a “polyvalent vaccine” when two or more strains/serotypes of the same antigen are used in a vaccine
62
Boosters allow vaccines to produce an
optimum immune response
63
In most cases, an adequate immune response is not achieved before 10 to 14 days
10-14 days
64
Live vaccines are especially affected by
concurrent antibiotic therapy
65
Most notable risks involving vaccination responses
1. Residual virulence and toxicity
◦ Allergic reactions resulting from hypersensitivity
◦ Disease in immunosuppressed animals
◦ Possible effects on a fetus
◦ Abortion
66
Hypersensitivity can be caused by several factors
T or F
True
67
Core vaccines
Recommended for most animals to protect them from highly contagious diseases that are widespread in the environment
68
Noncore vaccines
Optional vaccines that should still be considered for animals at risk for developing disease based on geographic location and the lifestyle of the
animal
69
Canine core vaccines
Canine distemper virus
◦ Canine adenovirus type-2
◦ Canine parainfluenza
◦ Canine parvovirus
◦ Rabies vaccine (1 year or 3 year)
70
Canine noncore vaccines
Canine leptospirosis
◦ B. bronchiseptica
◦ Canine influenza
◦ Canine coronavirus
◦ Canine Giardia
◦ Canine B. burgdorferi (Lyme)
71
Feline core vaccines
FHerpesVirus-1
◦ FCaliciVirus
◦ FPanleukopeniaVirus
◦ Rabies vaccin
72
Feline noncore vaccines
Feline leukemia virus (core for all kittens)
◦ FIV
◦ Feline chlamydia felis
◦ Feline B. bronchiseptica
73
Equine core vaccines
Tetanus
◦ Eastern/western equine encephalomyelitis (EEE/WEE)
◦ West Nile virus
◦ Rabies
74
Bovine core vaccines (AABP Vaccination Guidelines 2021)
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
◦ B Respiratory Syncytial Virus
◦ B Viral Diarrhea type 1 and 2
◦ ParaInfluenza 3
◦ Clostridial diseases
75
Sheep core vaccines
Clostridium perfringens type C
◦ Clostridium perfringens type D
◦ Clostridium tetani
76
Goat core vaccines
Clostridium perfringens type C
◦ Clostridium perfringens type D
◦ Clostridium tetani
77
Parasympathetic and Neuromuscular
Acetylcholine
78
Alpha-1
vasoconstriction
79
Alpha-2
generally inhibitory
80
Beta-1
increase heart rate and force, stimulate renin system
81
Beta-2
vasodilation and bronchodilation
82
Parasympathetic nervous system (cholinergic)
Muscarinic – stimulate parasympathetic
83
Neuromuscular junction
Nicotinic – stimulate skeletal muscle contraction
84
Inhalant
◦ Used for general anesthesia and considered very safe
85
Injectable anesthetic
Use for anesthetic induction or general anesthesia when given by bolus or CRI
86
Barbiturates
Use to be used for anesthesia, but rare now
87
Barbiturates can cause
severe cardiac and respiratory depression
88
Barbiturates; highly fat soluble, must be used with caution in
sight hounds or very thin animals
89
Methods of delivering high concentrations of supplemental oxygen
Nasal catheters
◦ Nasal cannulas
◦ Oxygen cages
◦ Oxygen masks
90
Commonly Used Emergency Drugs
Antihistamines
Anticholinergics
Cholinergic blockers
Beta-2 adrenergics
Methylxanthines
91
Corticosteroids used to treat
Inflammation
◦ Anaphylaxis
◦ Spinal cord injury
◦ Immune mediated diseases
92
Lidocaine
Local anesthetic used to treat ventricular tachycardia and ventricular premature complexes
93
Propanol
Reduces heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output
94
Atenolol
Beta-blocker that is primarily used as an antiarrhythmic to reduce heart rate and blood pressure
95
Furosemide is most commonly used in the treatment of _________ due to its ability to decrease preload through _________
heart failure
diuresis
96
Mannitol is an ______that promotes diuresis by increasing osmotic pressure in the renal tubules. Reduces water reabsorption thereby increasing
osmotic diuretic
urine production and diuresis
97
Inotropes
contractility of the heart muscle by increasing the strength of contractions
98
Digoxin
Decreases heart rate, increases strength of heart contractions, and regulates heart rhythm
99
Dopamine
Used to treat shock, congestive heart failure, and to increase renal perfusion
100
Dobutamine
Used for short-term treatment of heart failure
101
Vasodilators
Used to decrease preload and decrease afterload to improve cardiac output
102
Giving vasodilators will dilate (open) the vessels and
decrease resistance
103
Nitroglycerin
Used primarily in heart failure to improve cardiac output and decrease pulmonary edema
104
Diazepam
not for long term
105
Chlorpromazine
Phenothiazine tranquilizer that is used to control
vomiting associated with gastrointestinal inflammation, parvo virus, and vomiting from chemotherapy
106
Metoclopramide hydrochloride
Used to control vomiting and to treat gastric motility disorders
107
Emetics
induce vomiting
108
Must be administered within 2 to 6 hours of toxic ingestion to be ?
effective
109
Long-acting barbiturates are used to prevent seizures
Phenobarbital
110
Short-acting barbiturates are used in euthanasia solutions
Pentobarbital
111
Anticonvulsants
Drugs used to control seizures
112
Water-soluble B vitamin used for the treatment or prevention of
thiamine deficiency
