GI tract

Question 1

Functions of gastrointestinal (GI) system (3)

Answer 1

Intake of food and fluid into the body
◦ Absorption of nutrients and fluid
◦ Excretion of waste products

Question 2

Ruminant animals are herbivorous and have a GI system characterized by:

Answer 2

Three forestomachs, the reticulum, rumen, omasum, and a “true” stomach

Question 3

Equines, rabbits, and some rodents are chiefly herbivorous animals that have a monogastric GI configuration and are considered

Answer 3

hindgut fermenters

Question 4

Regulation of GI system activity is complex but can be said to be under influence of following three basic control systems

Answer 4

1. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
2. Gastrointestinal hormones such as gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin
3. Substances such as histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandin are released from specialized cells of GI tract

Question 5

Emetics

Answer 5

Drugs that induce vomiting

Question 6

Emetics are administered

Answer 6

to animals that have ingested toxins;

Question 7

(Emetics) When not to induce vomiting:

Answer 7

acid/base
altered mentation
species that cannot vomit

Question 8

Antiemetics

Answer 8

Drugs that are used to prevent or control vomiting

Question 9

Antiemetics will block

Answer 9

receptors centrally in the CRTZ, emetic center, and peripheral receptors

Question 10

Subcategory of Emetics

Answer 10

Local and central acting

Question 11

MOA of Emetics Central

Answer 11

stimulation of CRTZ

Question 12

MOA of Emetics local

Answer 12

local irritation

Question 13

Uses for Emetics central

Answer 13

Know when not to use

Question 14

Adverse effect emetics central

Answer 14

prolonged vomiting

Question 15

Adverse effect emetics local

Answer 15

severe gastritis, aspiration

Question 16

Subcategory of Antiemetics (5)

Answer 16

1. phenothiazine
2. Procainamide
3. Antihistamine
4. serotonin antagonist
5. NK-1 Receptor antagonist

Question 17

phenothiazine MOA

Answer 17

blocking dopamine receptors in the CRTZ and possibly by direct inhibition of the vomiting center

Question 18

Phenothiazine USE

Answer 18

preventing motion sickness in dogs/cats

Question 19

Phenothiazine side effects

Answer 19

Hypotension and sedation and ataxia

Question 20

Procainamide Derivative MOA

Answer 20

block dopamine on CRTZ & increases gastric contraction, speeds emptyping, increases
peristalsis of the small intestine, relax pyloric sphincter

Question 21

Procainamide Derivative USES

Answer 21

prevent motion sickness

Question 22

Procainamide Derivative ADVSERSE EFFECTS

Answer 22

CNS or behavioral changes /contraindicated with GI obstruction (constipation)

Question 23

Antihistamines (H1 blockers) MOA

Answer 23

block histamine-1 in CRTZ

Question 24

Antihistamines are most effective as ___ in dogs/cats when vomiting is a result of motion sickness and

Answer 24

Antiemetics
Inner ear abnormalities

Question 25

Antihistamines (H1 blockers) ADVERSE EFFECT

Answer 25

sedation

Question 26

serotonin antagonist MOA

Answer 26

Blockade of 5-HTR

Question 27

serotonin antagonist USE

Answer 27

chemotherapy; severe vomiting

Question 28

NK-1 Receptor Anatagonist MOA

Answer 28

Blocks binding of substance P to Neurokinin-1 R in CRTZ

Question 29

NK-1 Receptor Anatagonist USES

Answer 29

Vomiting from motion sickness/ acute

Question 30

NK-1 Receptor Anatagonist ADVERSE EFFECT

Answer 30

diarrnea, anorexia, increase salivation

Question 31

Gastric ulcers may occur in animals for what reasons (4)

Answer 31

stress metabolic disease gastric hyperacidity Drug therapy

Question 32

Subcategory for Antiulcer and Antacids (5)

Answer 32

1. H-2 Receptor antagonists 2. proton pump inhibitor 3. Antacids 4. Gastromucosal protectants 5. Prostaglandin E1 analogues

Question 33

H-2 Receptor antagonists MOA

Answer 33

H2 blockers - reduces HCl acid release by parietal cells

Question 34

Vomiting

Answer 34

Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach, and sometimes the contents of the proximal small intestine

Question 35

Vomiting center (emetic center) is connected by nerve pathways to the

Answer 35

chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ)

Question 36

Multiple neurotransmitters are involved in the

Answer 36

vomiting reflexes

Question 37

H-2 Receptor antagonists Uses

Answer 37

prevention of gastric, abomasal or duodenal ulcers; gastric reflux

Question 38

H-2 Receptor antagonist Adverse effect

Answer 38

some slow metabolism of other drugs

Question 39

proton pump inhibitor MOA

Answer 39

bind irreversibly to Na-K-ATPase enzyme of parietal cells; preventing HCl release

Question 40

Proton pump inhibitor Uses

Answer 40

treat gastric or duodenal ulcers, and esophattis

Question 41

Proton pump inhibitor Adverse effect

Answer 41

constipation, sedation, ileus, pancreatitis, CNS effects