Final Flashcards

Question

Predicting invasions: Ecological Niche Modelling (remember this?!)

Answer 1

Maxent models to predict invasion using records from native and invasive range- identified multiple areas where invasion is likely if squirrels were released

Answer 2

EARLY SMALL POPULATION ONE LOCATION

Answer 3

Introduction, Establishment, Invasion proliferation Invasion impact, Prevention Eradication Containment Suppression

Answer 4

Focus on ‘Functional eradication’

Answer 5

The study of ectothermic tetrapods Amphibians Reptiles

Answer 6

body temperature varies with environment

Answer 7

Body temperature relatively constant regardless of environment

Answer 8

control body temperature using external energy

Answer 9

control body temperature using internal energy

Answer 10

Allows organisms to live in environments in which the average temperature is lower than their body temperature (35-40°C)

Answer 11

Primarily behavioral adaptations, but also some physiological (e.g. freeze resistant frogs!) Cold? Get in the sun Hot? Get out of the sun

Answer 12

Habitat destruction is the most important driver of species extinction worldwide.

Answer 13

when a natural habitat, such as a forest or wetland, is altered so dramatically that it no longer supports the species it originally sustained.

Answer 14

Between 1950 & 1986 more than 45,000 large dams constructed * 60% of 227 Large River Basins studied show strong or moderate fragmentation and altered flows

Answer 15

Loss of habitat area

Answer 16

Areas of habitat further apart Greater ‘Edge’ effects

Answer 17

Complex patch Less distinct edge Source: Frey ©CBC-AMNH

Answer 18

Distinct edge Simplified patch

Answer 19

Relationships between size of geographic area, isolation, and species diversity

Answer 20

Any portion of isolated habitat Mountain tops Lakes Land islands

Answer 21

Larger areas ... * Likely have more resources * Can support larger populations, less vulnerable to extinction * Have greater niche diversity (support more species richness) * An environmental perturbation may not affect whole area

Answer 22

Strength of the relationship between richness and area should increase with increasing trophic rank

Answer 23

rate of arrival of new species on an island

Answer 24

rate at which species go extinct on an island

Answer 25

Immigration rates are highest on new island, while extinction rates are highest at high densities of species on an island.

Answer 26

Species richness on an island is determined by distance from ‘mainland’ and island size

Answer 27

Species richness increases with island area (Species-Area Relationship) Species richness decreases with island isolation (distance from mainland and other islands)

Answer 28

Metapopulation = set of distinct subpopulations linked via dispersal * Similarities with IBT * Focus on patchy populations * Assumes hostile/homogeneous “matrix” * Colonization and extinction seen as key to predicting persistence * BUT different in that . . . * Assumes network of patches with NO persistent mainland - inadequate dispersal can lead to regional extinction * Focus on dynamic of single species

Answer 29

Smaller patches have greater ‘edge effects’ Fragmentation increases edge areas Edge habitats expose species to predators and nest parasites Edges can have greater species diversity than contiguous habitat BUT can result in loss of interior-specialist species

Answer 30

* Overall reduction in amount of remaining natural habitat (landscape scale). * Reduction in patch area * Increase in patch isolation (lost connectivity). * Increase in perimeter-area ratios (increased edge). *Altered diversity of habitat types. * Result = “islands” of vegetation in “sea” of matrix habitat.

Answer 31

Major Conclusion: spatial strategies aimed at increasing connectivity can play an important role in mitigating effects of habitat fragmentation.

Answer 32

Corridors: strip of habitat connecting similar habitat types patches across a landscape. Such corridors can help mitigate the effects of habitat fragmentation Good corridors must be developed in areas that the targeted organisms naturally use.

Answer 33

a structure designed to allow fish the opportunity to migrate upstream over or through a barrier to fish movement.*

Answer 34

Habitat Change Invasive Species Pollution Climate Change Over-exploitation

Answer 35

Overexploitation occurs when the harvest rate of any given population exceeds its natural replacement rate, either through reproduction alone in closed populations or through both reproduction and immigration from other populations.

Answer 36

The thesis of the “tragedy of the commons” is that individuals are inherently selfish and usually place their own interests first in using commonly owned resources, thereby resulting in their depletion. Hardin used a hypothetical and simplified situation based on medieval land tenure in Europe (herders sharing a common parcel of land) on which each herder was entitled to graze his cattle. Each herder maximized his gains by putting additional cattle onto the land, even if the carrying capacity of the common was exceeded and overgrazing ensued. The herder, by making an “individually rational decision,” received all the benefits from his cattle, but could in the process deplete the common resource for the entire group. If all herders make such selfish decisions then the common will be depleted, jeopardizing the livelihoods of all.

Answer 37

the smallest number of individuals required for an isolated population to persist (at some predefined ‘high’ probability) for some ‘long’ time into the future. In other words, the MVP size is the number of individuals in the population that is needed to withstand normal (expected) variation in all the things that affect individual persistence through time.

Answer 38

Much of the early (western) realization for the need to conserve species was prompted by losses due to overexploitation.- American Buffalo, and Passer Pidgeon

Answer 39

A species that does not have a history of domestication.

Answer 40

An animal kept within a domestic setting, where its main purpose is for personal interest, entertainment, or companionship.

Answer 41

* Food * Clothing * Decorativeitems * Pets * TraditionalMedicine

Answer 42

from pet trade to bird populations

Answer 43

It is unlawful to import, export, sell, acquire, or purchase fish, wildlife or plants that are taken, possessed, transported, or sold: 1) in violation of U.S. or Indian law, or 2) in interstate or foreign commerce involving any fish, wildlife, or plants taken possessed or sold in violation of State or foreign law.

Answer 44

makes it illegal for anyone to take, possess, import, export, transport, sell, purchase, barter, or offer for sale, purchase, or barter, any migratory bird, or the parts, nests, or eggs of such a bird except under the terms of a valid permit issued pursuant to Federal regulations.

Answer 45

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) is widely considered one of the most powerful environmental laws ever passed by any Nation.

Answer 46

To ensure that any international commercial trade in wild species is sustainable, and does not pose a threat to the species in the wild.

Answer 47

Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional circumstances.

Answer 48

Appendix II includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival.

Answer 49

Appendix III contains species that are protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling the trade.

Answer 50

Yes- By taking advantage of the natural replacement/growth rates of species

Answer 51

The interplay of environmental resistance and biotic potential drives two reproductive strategies: r- selected species, and K- selected species

Answer 52

r-strategists (r-selected species): produce lots of young, but leave their survival to nature results in low recruitment rapid reproduction, rapid movement, short life span adapted to a rapidly changing environment “boom-and-bust” populations “weedy” or “opportunistic” species, usually small a housefly, dandelion, and cockroach are examples

Answer 53

K-strategists (K-selected species): lower biotic potential care for and protect young live in a stable environment already populated by the species larger, longer lived, well-adapted to normal environmental fluctuations their populations fluctuate around carrying capacity also called equilibrial species an elephant and California condor are examples

Answer 54

r-strategists become pests if humans change an area houseflies, dandelions, and cockroaches increase K-strategists become rarer or extinct with change eagles, bears, and oaks decline An exception: rare opportunistic species (r-selected) separated from new habitat they cannot succeed, despite high biotic potential

Answer 55

is one defined by how the organisms organize themselves in the landscape

Answer 56

is all the individuals occurring within administrative units imposed by humans.

Answer 57

The changes in a population over time Result from changes in the number and composition of individuals in the population. Accounted for by five basic components: births deaths sex ratio age structure dispersal

Answer 58

Birth rates & Immigration

Answer 59

Death rates & Emigration

Answer 60

The maximum population of a species a habitat can support Maximum Sustainable yield is ½ of K

Answer 61

Population density: number of individuals per unit area Trees per hectare, cells per mL, lichen per m2 Density-dependent factor: increases with increased population density Disease, predation, food shortages Density-independent factor: effects are independent of the density of the population Spring freeze, fire

Answer 62

The resource base shrinks Mortality increases, fecundity decreases, or both happen

Answer 63

Maximum Sustainable yield is ½ of K the largest catch that can be taken from a specific stock over an indefinite period under constant environmental conditions

Answer 64

upper limit in amount of fish that a fishery is allocated in a single year. Often set based on population monitoring and MSY

Answer 65

Individuals ‘own’ and may transfer access to harvest a quantity of fish (either in units or as a percentage of the TAC of a whole fishery)

Answer 66

It is caused by PEOPLE. (Especially US) It affects EVERYONE. (But especially poor/vulnerable groups) We can make changes to SLOW IT. (and reach a less-extreme climate equilibrium).

Answer 67

Weather: day-to-day variations in temperature, air pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation Variable, short-term, local

Answer 68

long-term regional weather patterns Involving decades or longer Controlled by the Sun’s radiation, Earth’s tilt, atmosphere’s chemistry, movement/mixing of oceans

Answer 69

the study of the atmosphere Weather and climate

Answer 70

Thirty percent of the Sun’s incoming radiation is reflected back to space—the rest is absorbed by the oceans, land, and atmosphere

Answer 71

The warmth of the atmosphere depends on: Internal factors: oceans, gases in the atmosphere, snow cover, sea ice External factors: solar radiation, Earth’s rotation, slow changes in Earth’s orbit

Answer 72

the influence any factor has on the energy balance of the Atmosphere- ocean-land system Positive (Warming) factors= Greenhouse gases Negative (cooling) factors= Albedo effect (reflect the heat)

Answer 73

Solar radiation reaching Earth is converted to infrared radiation and is radiated upward. GHGs intercept this radiation and are warmed, which warms Earth.

Answer 74

The Albedo effect

Answer 75

From Greenland's ice sheets to Himalayan glaciers and the snowpacks of western North America, layers of dust and soot are darkening the color of glaciers and snowpacks, causing them to absorb more solar heat and melt more quickly, and earlier in spring

Answer 76

Clouds can impart a negative forcing factor (cooling) Albedo: the reflectivity of Earth’s surface to sunlight Prevents some warming Thick, low-lying clouds have an albedo effect High, wispy clouds have a positive forcing effect By absorbing some solar radiation and releasing some infrared radiation The net impact of clouds? A slightly positive forcing factor

Answer 77

The reflectivity of Earth’s surface to sunlight Prevents some warming

Answer 78

snow, glaciers, ice sheets, sea ice

Answer 79

The cryosphere: snow, glaciers, ice sheets, sea ice Reflect sunlight, contributing to planetary albedo Cooling the planet Arctic warming has reduced this effect Open water and darker, unfrozen ground absorb more sunlight than ice and snow

Answer 80

microscopic liquid or solid particles

Answer 81

Industrial aerosols: from ground-level pollution Cancel some warming from greenhouse gases Sulfates, nitrates, dust, industrial soot, forest fires Aerosol haze is created from industrial aerosols reacting with atmospheric compounds Scatters sunlight and helps form clouds, increasing planetary albedo Sooty aerosols: from fires—have a warming effect Industrial sulfate aerosols: create clouds and cooling

Answer 82

Volcanoes can lead to planetary cooling Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991 Released 20 million tons of particles and aerosols, causing significant temperature drop Radiation was reflected and scattered Lasted years, until the debris was cleansed from the atmosphere Sulfate aerosols have a longer-term cooling effect They have increased since 2000, reducing some warming that would have occurred

Answer 83

CO2, the most abundant noncondensing gas, is the key gas—the control knob—controlling temperature

Answer 84

the most abundant noncondensing gas, is the key gas—the control knob—controlling temperature Seasonal changes in photosynthesis and respiration cause seasonal variations in CO2 levels * Respiration (fall through spring): CO2 increases * Photosynthesis (spring through fall): CO2 decreases

Answer 85

Range-boundaries in the Northern hemisphere have shifted 6.1km per decade northward (or upward in elevation; Parmesan & Yohe 2003)

Answer 86

Phenological responses have been 2.3 days earlier per decade for all species, but 5.1 days per decade earlier for species showing substantive change (Root et al. 2003)

Final Flashcards

(110 cards)