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Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

King Philip Came Over for Good Sex

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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2
Q

Biosphere

A

All space occupied by living things on Earth

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

A region containing interacting abiotic and biotic factors

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4
Q

Community

A

Population of species that occur together in the same space and time

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5
Q

Population

A

Individuals of the same species that co-occur in space and time

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6
Q

Individual

A

Living entities that are genetically and physically discrete

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7
Q

What predicts patterns of biodiversity?

A

Solar Angles of Incidence
Geography
Rain Shadows
Wind

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8
Q

typological species concept

A

Species are distinct morphological types

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9
Q

evolutionary species concept:

A

A species is one lineage evolving separately from other lineages

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10
Q

biological species concept:

A

“a group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups” (Mayr 1950).

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11
Q

Taxonomy:

A

The description of how species are related to one another.
–Linnaean system of binomial nomenclature (Genus species)

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12
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

asserts that the way to define a species is through measuring genetic similarities, differences, and distances among populations or groups of populations

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13
Q

Evolutionary species concept=

A

A species is one lineage evolving separately from other lineages

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14
Q

Biological species concept=

A

Reproductive isolation. Species are individuals that breed together to produce viable offspring

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15
Q

Phylogenetic species concept=

A

measuring genetic similarities, differences, and distances among populations or groups of populations. Common ancestral lineage distinguishable from other such groups

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16
Q

Living systems (biotic) are dependent upon non- living (abiotic) factors

A

Atmosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere,

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17
Q

Ecology

A

The scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. Physical, Chemical, Biological

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18
Q

What affects species distributions?

A

Abiotic Factors, Biography, Dispersal, Behavior, Biotic interactions, Distributions and abundance of organisims

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19
Q

Biogeography

A

is the study of the geographic distribution of living things and the abiotic factors that affect their distribution

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20
Q

Primary producers=

A

autotrophs convert energy and carbon from inorganic sources (usually from the sun) into biomass – which can then be consumed by heterotrophs

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21
Q

optimum range

A

–A certain level where organisms grow or
survive best
–Organisms do less well at higher or lower levels
–They do not survive at extremes

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22
Q

Range of tolerance:

A

the entire range allowing
any growth

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23
Q

Limits of tolerance:

A

the high and low ends of the range of tolerance

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24
Q

Zones of stress:

A

between the optimal range and high or low limit of tolerance

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25
major abiotic factors
Temperature Light Water availability Elevation Soil types Temperature Light [Depth] Salinity Oxygen Soil types pH
26
Landscape
a cluster of interacting ecosystems
27
Biome:
a large area with the same climate and vegetation –Can often be predicted by rainfall and temperature –There are no sharp boundaries between biomes
28
Biosphere:
the huge system formed by all living things
29
Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness
Species richness generally increases from middle and high latitudes to the equator. Most groups of organisms are more species-rich in the tropics than they are at higher latitudes. Well-documented decline in species richness as one moves from low to high latitudes.
30
Mechanical Weathering (Soil Formation)
Breakdown of rock into smaller particles from the combined action of water, wind, and plants
31
Chemical Weathering (Soil Formation)
Action of chemical processes such as oxidation, hydrolysis, and reduction
32
Soil depth matters
Influenced by slope, weathering, parent materials, and vegetation The deeper the soil, the deeper roots can penetrate. Deeper soils also can hold more water and minerals.
33
Lentic Biomes:
Lakes (Still)
34
Lotic Biomes
Rives (Flowing)
35
House Sparrow
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae Genus: Passer Species: House Sparrow Common; found in most parts of the world.
36
Interspecific Competition:
between individuals of different species
37
Intraspecific Competition:
between individuals of the same species
38
Interference competition:
direct aggressive interaction between individuals.
39
Exploitative competition:
competition to secure resources first.
40
Keystone species:
play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem structure –prevent other species from taking over an area –allow other, less-competitive species to flourish
41
niche
The set of environmental conditions (abiotic and biotic) in which an organism can survive and reproduce.
42
Fundamental Niche
Physical conditions under which a species might live in the absence of interactions with other species
43
Realized Niche
Physical conditions under which a species might live when restricted by interactions with other species
44
Fundamental vs. realized niche
Bimodal
45
Competition / Niche:
No two species can occupy the same realized niche; eventually one will out- compete the other
46
Niche Partitioning
When species in a community use limiting factors (i.e. resources) in different ways, i.e. they occupy different realized niches
47
Autotrophs / Photosynthesis
autotrophs convert energy and carbon from inorganic sources (usually from the sun) into biomass – which can then be consumed by heterotrophs
48
Heterotrophs
eat things (including autotrophs)
49
Water Budgets
All organisms regulate their internal water concentration by balancing water inputs with water outputs. These inputs and outputs different between plants and animals, and between terrestrial and aquatic animals.
50
Water Potential in plants
High water potential (Soil → Low water potential (Tree Canopy)
51
wilting
Reduces surface area – Turgor pressure drops- reduces water content of cells – Decreases transpiration & reduces photosynthesis
52
Water acquisition: terrestrial plants
Drier climates lead to bigger deeper roots than wetter climates Thick waxy cuticles Store water
53
Competition: Light Partitioning in Forests
Adaptations for different levels of light
54
Bryophyta= mosses
15,000-25,000 species – 450 million years – 2nd most diverse group (after angiosperms) – (mostly) no roots! Use hairlike rhizoids to cling to anchor and for nutrient uptake – Act like sponges- absorbing water and storing it – Early colonizers in disturbed areas- – help to stabilize soil, retain moisture
55
chory (dispersal strategies
Seed dispersal by: * Animal (zoochory)- Bats * Wind (anemochory) * Water (hydrochory)- Coconuts * Methods originating from the parent plant or diaspore (autochory) * Unassisted (Barochory) * Dispersal prevented (atelochory, antitelochory)
56
Endozoochory
via ingestion by animals (the dispersal mechanism for most tree species).
57
How do we measure biodiversity?
–Species Richness (alpha diversity) –Diversity indices (evenness) –Diversity of species among communities (beta diversity)
58
Species Richness= alpha diversity
–𝜶= sum of unique species in an area –Does not account for relative abundance of species
59
Alpha-diversity
Measuredlocally,ata single site
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Beta-diversity
Measures the uniqueness; the difference between two sites
61
Gamma-diversity
Measured over a large scale, same concept as alpha-diversity
62
Evolution
A process that changes the properties of populations of organisms over the course of generations.
63
conditions required for evolution to occur:
1. Variation in a characteristic (must be heritable) 2. Leads to differences in survival and reproduction (fitness) among individuals in the population through environmental interactions
64
Fitness
the proportionate contribution made by an individual to future generations relative to other individuals in the same population –in a particular environment with a given set of environmental conditions, individuals with characteristics that confer higher rates of survival and reproduction have more offspring –those characteristics are more frequent in the next generation
65
Adaptations
Any heritable behavioral, morphological, or physiological trait that has evolved through the process of natural selection
66
What causes Evolution requires phenotypic variation among individuals that is heritable.
Genes
67
Allele=
An allele is a variant form of a gene. Humans are called diploid organisms because they have two alleles at each genetic locus, with one allele inherited from each parent. Each pair of alleles represents the genotype of a specific gene.
68
Genotypes & Phenotypes
Genotypes are described as homozygous if there are two identical alleles at a particular locus and as heterozygous if the two alleles differ. Alleles contribute to the organism's phenotype, which is the outward appearance of the organism.
69
Qualitative trait
characteristic that shows a small number of discrete phenotypic categories –often encoded by a single protein-coding gene
70
Quantitative trait
characteristic that shows a continuous distribution of phenotypes –often encoded by two or more genes –phenotype could be affected by the environment
71
Gene expression (shown through phenotype) is often affected by environmental conditions
–Environmental conditions can show continuous variation – temperature – precipitation – sunlight –predation level –The changes in these conditions can cause the phenotype produced by a given genotype to vary continuously
72
Acclimation
phenotypic plasticity in response to current environmental conditions that is reversible
73
allele frequency
represents the incidence of a gene variant in a population.
74
Genetic Differences
Variation as a result of differences in the genome
75
Phenotypic Plasticity
Variation as a result of environmental influences
76
Stabilizing selection
occurs when the mean phenotype has higher fitness than the phenotypes at either end of the distribution –Birth weight in human babies
77
Disruptive selection
occurs when the phenotypes at both ends of the distribution have higher fitness than the mean phenotype – The selective pressure can be different at each extreme
78
Phenotype
Genes + Environment
79
Genetic drift
–Extremely important, particularly in small populations a process that occurs when genetic variation is lost because of random variation in mating, fecundity, mortality, and inheritance
80
Founder Effects
A small number of individuals leave a large population to colonize a new area and bring with them only a small amount of genetic variation.
81
Reading a phylogeny
Remember: Root, Taxa, Nodes
82
Drosophila melanogaster (the common fruit fly)
Often used for understanding evolution because of: - Short life cycle (~3 weeks from egg to adult) - Fast reproductive rate - Simple genetic structure & easy to detect changes
83
Abiotic Pollen delivery modes
wind – water (uncommon) – especially gymnosperms, but also many angiosperms – saves on petals & nectar, but costs more in pollen
84
Biotic Pollen Delivery modes
– insects (everywhere) – birds (in some regions) – bats, lizards (uncommon) – especially angiosperms (ancestral) – requires investment in attractants, (usually) reward
85
What is pollination?
The transfer of pollen from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or of another flower.
86
Angiosperms
flowering plants
87
Identifying bees
Hairy, 3 distinct body segments, Eyes cover less of face, 4 wings, longer antenna
88
Bivalvia;
Scallops

Biodiversity (2 decks)

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