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Intro To Biological Anthropology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Dates

A

7.2-6.8 Ma

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2
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Location(s)

A

*tchad= from (t)Chad
-North and East Africa

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3
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Habitat(s)

A

Gallery forest along a river, surrounded by grasslands

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4
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Important traits

A

-“Toumai”
-Genus name meaning: ‘Man’ of the Sahel
-Species name meaning: From (t)Chad
-Small brain, super large brow-ridge
-Known mainly from skull remains
-Cranial capacity: 320-380 cc- small, smaller than average chimpanzee
-Anterior Foramen magnum
-Massive supra-orbital torus (brow-ridge)
-Less prognathic (from above can’t see eyes, can barely see nose hole, can mostly see teeth)
-Sagittal crest, post-orbital constriction, large nuchal crest

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5
Q

Orrorin tugenensis

Dates

A

5.9-5.7 Ma (used Argon-Argon dating)

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6
Q

Orrorin tugenensis

Location(s)

A

Eastern African Rift in Kenya- Tugen Hills

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7
Q

Orrorin tugenensis

Important traits

A

-“Original ‘man’ from Tugen (Hills)”
-Large bipedal femur
-Arms are arboreal (suspensory)

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8
Q

Ardipithecus

Location(s)

A

-Ethiopia- continental rifting

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9
Q

Ardipithecus

Dates

Ar. kadabba

A

5.8-5.2 Ma

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10
Q

Ardipithecus

Important traits

Ar. kadabba

A

-“Ground ape, oldest ancestor” (in Afar language)
-Largeish, more ape-like canines (relates to social behaviors/sexual dimorphism)
-Feet show it was capable of bipedalism
-Arms show it was arboreal

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11
Q

Ardipithecus

Dates

Ar. Ramidus

A

4.5-4.3 Ma

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12
Q

Ardipithecus

Habitat(s)

Ar. Ramidus

A

Forest to woodland environments in Eastern Africa, north part of the rift

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13
Q

Ardipithecus

Important traits

Ar. Ramidus

A

-“Ground ape, root” (in Afar language)
-small brain- 300-350cc
-Anterior Foramen magnum
-Arms and hands are ape-like
-Bipedal pelvis and femur
-Abducted hallux- handfoot, unique morphology they share with baboons- bone for the toe
-Dentition: relatively thin enamel for leaves, eating foods from more open areas
-Monomorphic canines (one size)- reduced sexual dimorphism

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14
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

Dates

A

3.8-2.9 Ma

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15
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

Location(s)

A

Eastern Africa

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16
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

Important traits

A

-“Lucy” “Salem” and “Kadanuumuu”
-Direct evidence of bipedality- Footprints found in Ash 3.5 Ma (Laetoli 1976)
-Evidence shows they walked with a striding gait
-380-550 cranial capacity
-Megadont (big teeth)
-Suspensory arms
-Short femur with large valgus angle
-Small, human-like foot

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17
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

Bipedal how? Bent-knee Bent-Hip? Striding?

A

-Evidence of a striding gait found in footprints

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18
Q

Earliest evidence of meat eating

Cut marks

A

-Earliest evidence of meat eating
-Dikika, Ethiopia
-3.4 Ma

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19
Q

Earliest evidence of meat eating

Stone tools

A

-Lomekwi, Kenya
-3.3 Ma

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20
Q

Australopithecus africanus

Dates

A

-3.3-2.1 Ma

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21
Q

Australopithecus africanus

Location(s)

A

South Africa cave sites

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22
Q

Australopithecus africanus

Important traits

A

-“Southern ape; of Africa”
-Similiar to Au. afarensis in primitive traits (arms), but exhibits more ‘advanced’ morphology- large brain, more human-like pelvis

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23
Q

Shared traits of The Hominini

A

-Bipedality
Bipedal walking in non-bipeds (facultative bipeds)- bent-knee and bent-hip
Bipedal walking in obligate bipeds- striding gait
-Encephalization
Foramen magnum is more anterior (the body is vertical, the head sits on top like a rod) is one of the first things to change
-Reduced nuchal (neck) musculature
-Very reduced canines (reduction in sexual dimorphism)
-Loss of honing molar
-Intermembral index shifts 90-70
-More sagittally-oriented and shortened iliac blades to stabilize balance (pelvis)
-Valgus knee (knock knee)

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24
Q

How did the australopithecine lineage leading to Homo adapt its diet to prevent extinction?

A

Developing a flexible and generalized diet

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25
Australopithecus
-"Southern ape" -2 well known species: Au. afarensis and Au. africanus -Several other species -First found in Taung in 1924 in a South African mining cave -A juveline is Identified by Raymond Dart -1930s: adult Au. africanus -1930s: Paranthopus in South Africa -1950s: Paranthopus in East Africa -"Lucy" found in 1974 by Donald Johanson in Hadar, Ethiopia
26
Adaptive Radiation
-the earth is becoming cooler and dryer -rapid diversification and spread of taxa -often due to climate change (major climate change starting at ~2.8 Ma)
27
Modified Savannah Hypothesis
-the savanna hypothesis of human evolution suggests that the transition from a predominately arboreal lifestyle in forest to one in open habitats favoured an upright posture and selected for bipedalism along with a shift in diet that necessitated travel over greater distances across the landscape -origin of HYPERmetadontia (*Paranthropus*) -expansion of tool use (*Homo*)
28
Earliest specimen of *Paranthropus*
-Nyayanga, Kenya -2.9 Ma
29
*Paranthopus* shared features
-"Near man" -Three species -Post-cranially very similiar to *Au.*, but cranially very different -Hypermegadont (huge teeth) -Small incisors and small canines -‘Dished’ face -Sagittal crest
30
# *Paranthopus aethiopicus* Dates
2.7 – 2.3 Ma (earliest)
31
# *Paranthopus aethiopicus* Location(s)
Ethiopia & Kenya
32
# *Paranthopus aethiopicus* Important traits
-”Near ‘man’; of Ethiopia” -HUGE posterior (back of the head) sagittal crest -very prognathic
33
# *Paranthopus boisei* Dates
2.5 – 1.4 Ma
34
# *Paranthopus boisei* Location(s)
1. Eastern Africa- Ethiopia to **Malawi**
35
# *Paranthopus boisei* Important traits
-”Near ‘man’; for Boise” -Found by Mary Leakey -largest teeth -flexed cranium (like humans) -anterior crest -500-540 cc
36
# *Paranthopus robustus* Dates
1.8 – 1.0 Ma (found first)
37
# *Paranthopus robustus* Location(s)
South Africa
38
# *Paranthopus robustus* Important traits
-”Near ‘man’; Robust”(first named) -very similar to P. boisei but less robust
39
Earliest species of *Homo*
-Ledi Geraru, Ethiopia -2.8 Ma
40
The Habilines (general characteristics)
-610-750cc -reduced dentition -precision grip (similiar to humans) (tool use) -small body size -***Au.* budy proportions -generally similiar to *Au.*** -obligate biped -still some arboreal -larger brained -tool making
41
# *Homo habilis* Dates
2.3-1.65 Ma (in a climate change)
42
# *Homo habilis* Location(s)
All of Eastern Africa (especially Koobi Fara) to South Africa (Swartkrans) -generalist/widely dispersed
43
# *Homo habilis* Important derived traits
-“ ‘Man’ ; handy” -Thumb=human-like -Hands still strong (arboreal) -(Some) wrist bones=human-like -Phalanges=curved -Long arms=higher intermembral index; arboreal -Moderate encephalization -Robust cranially, more muscle markings -Precision grip (**tools**)
44
# *Homo rudolfensis* Dates
1.9 Ma
45
# *Homo rudolfensis* Location(s)
Eastern Africa (Kenya) and Malawi?
46
# *Homo rudolfensis* Important derived traits
-“ ‘Man’; of [Lake] Rudolf” -Generally less robust (than *H. habilis*) -Slightly bigger -Larger teeth and palate
47
What are the main differences between early *Homo* and *Paranthopus* diets?
*Homo* were omnivores while *Paranthropus* were specialized for heavy mastication
48
# How do we reconstruct diet? Dental anatomy and morphology (teeth) | What are the methods and what do they tell us?
-If there are big canines in primates it is just for sexual dimorphism •Molars -how high are the cusps and crests? -how big is the chewing (occlusal) surface? -how thick is the enamel? thin=vegetative matter; thick=resist wear
49
# How do we reconstruct diet? Mastication system (levers) | What are the methods and what do they tell us?
Trade-off with power and speed Paranthropus has increased lever arm relative to load arm=more power
50
# How do we reconstruct diet? Wear patterns (enamel microwear) | What are the methods and what do they tell us?
-Enamel microwear -Dirt particles -Phytoliths (plant rock) More scratches=folivore More pits=frugivore Lots of pits=brittle diet
51
# How do we reconstruct diet? Isotopes (C3 versus C4 vegetation) | What are the methods and what do they tell us?
-Photosynthesis pathways differ with environment -C3 in more cool/humid environment, C4 in more hot/dry -How do plants live in the environments? -C4 plants (open habitats) have more 13C than C3 (forests) -More positive ratio of 13C to 12C -Ratio of stable isotopes 13C/12C
52
Hominid vs. Hominin
Hominid – the group consisting of all modern and extinct Great Apes (that is, modern humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans plus all their immediate ancestors). Hominin – the group consisting of modern humans, extinct human species and all our immediate ancestors (including members of the genera Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Ardipithecus).
53
# The Erectines Dates and Locations
-2.0 Ma-(?)117Ka -Oldest specimen in South Africa -Distribution throughout Africa and Eurasia
54
# Hypotheses for *Homo erectus* dispersal Large body size | What is the evidence for/against
**Intrinsic** -*Homo erectus* had a large body size later on but not at first Proved **wrong**
55
# Hypotheses for *Homo erectus* dispersal Large brain | What is the evidence for/against
**Intrinsic** -Shape of the brain is more important than the size; didn't really influnce much Proved **wrong**
56
# Hypotheses for *Homo erectus* dispersal Human-like intermembral index | What is the evidence for/against
**Intrinsic** -Allows to walk more efficiently Evidence **supports** this
57
# Hypotheses for *Homo erectus* dispersal Tool use | What is the evidence for/against
**Intrinsic** -Tools found at the fist site were too basic Not enough evidence to support; **wrong**
58
# Hypotheses for *Homo erectus* dispersal Increased meat consumption | What is the evidence for/against
**Intrinsic** -Carnivores need more land Evidence **supports** this
59
# Hypotheses for *Homo erectus* dispersal Escape from disease | What is the evidence for/against
**Extrinsic** -They stay in the places that have disease, as well as go to places that have disease Proved **wrong**
60
# Hypotheses for *Homo erectus* dispersal Normal mammilian dispersal | What is the evidence for/against
**Extrinsic** No evidence to support it
61
# Hypotheses for *Homo erectus* dispersal Following predators | What is the evidence for/against
**Extrinsic** -Doesn't move at the same time as the predators Proved **wrong**
62
# Hypotheses for *Homo erectus* dispersal Following prey | What is the evidence for/against
**Extrensic** -Doesn't move at the same time as thier prey Proved **wrong**
63
# Hypotheses for *Homo erectus* dispersal Demographic pressure | What is the evidence for/against
**Extrensic** -Increase in population size would require more land Good theory, however, **not enough evidence**
64
Intrinsic
Relating to essential features of the organism itself
65
Extrinsic
Relating to factors external to the organism
66
# *Homo heidelbergensis* Dates
600 Ka – 200 Ka
67
# *Homo heidelbergensis* Location(s)
Eastern and Southern Africa and Europe
68
# Dispersal hyotheses Multiregional hypothesis
Regards the transition to modernity as having taken place regionally and without using replacement.
69
# Dispersal hyotheses Recent Africa Origins/Out of Africa
all modern non-African populations are substantially descended from populations of H. sapiens that left Africa after that time
70
# *Homo neaderthalensis* Dates
230 Ka – 30 Ka
71
# *Homo neaderthalensis* Location(s)
Europe and southwestern to Central Asia
72
# *Homo neaderthalensis* Important derived traits
-Massive face -occipital bun -HUGE nasal aperture (nose) -swept-back zygomatics (cheek bones) -no chin -retromolar gap -heavy wear on front teeth -large body mass -intermembral index similar to humans -matured faster than humans
73
# *Homo neaderthalensis* Lithic technologies
The Mousterian stone tool industry of Neanderthals is characterized by sophisticated flake tools that were detached from a prepared stone core. This innovative technique allowed flakes of predetermined shape to be removed and fashioned into tools from a single suitable stone. This technology differs from earlier ‘core tool’ traditions, such as the Acheulean tradition of Homo erectus. Acheulean tools worked from a suitable stone that was chipped down to tool form by the removal of flakes off the surface
74
# *Homo neaderthalensis* Diet
Mostly meat but evidence also shows plants
75
# *Homo neaderthalensis* Hunting
There is evidence that Neanderthals were specialized seasonal hunters, eating animals were available at the time. Scientists have clear evidence of Neanderthal hunting from uncovering sharp wooden spears and large numbers of big game animal remains were hunted and butchered by Neanderthals.
76
# *Homo neaderthalensis* Art
The first species to make symbolic art
77
# *Homo neaderthalensis* Burial of dead
There is evidence that Neanderthals deliberately buried their dead and occasionally even marked their graves with offerings, such as flowers. No other primates, and no earlier human species, had ever practiced this sophisticated and symbolic behavior.
78
# *Homo neaderthalensis* Speech
evidence points to neaderthals having high pitched voices
79
# The hobbit: *Homo floresiensis* Dates
100-60 Ka
80
# The hobbit: *Homo floresiensis* Location(s)
Liang Bua, Flores Island
81
# The hobbit: *Homo floresiensis* Important derived traits
-Meat eating -small brains -slightly prognathic -no chin -scapula postioned more on the side -long arms -flaring iliac blade -short femur -long feet -Post-crania somewhat similar to much earlier hominins, except with larger feet -small body size, smaller than lucy
82
# Which hypothesis regarding *H. floresiensis* is best supported and why? 1. It is pathological 2. It is an island dwarf form of *Homo erectus* 3. It evolved from a species before *Homo erectus*
2. It is an island dwarf form of *Homo erectus* Evidence supports this becuase of fossils on the island that support the hypothesis that *Homo erectus* was likely on the island around 900 Ka
83
# The human: *Homo sapiens* Dates
315(195) Ka – present
84
# The human: *Homo sapiens* Important derived traits
-Cranial capacity: 1200-1500 -short skull (front to back) -tall skull (top to bottom) -rounded cranium -orthognatic -short face -flexed cranium-right angle -vertical forehead -canine fossa-divet in human faces -chin -small teeth

Intro To Biological Anthropology (3 decks)

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