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1
Q

Municipal Incorporation

A

conditions that an area must meet to become a city, town, county, etc.

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2
Q

City Charter

A

essentially a city Constitution, serve to fragment local power

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3
Q

Dillon’s Rule

A

a legal doctrine that states that under the US Constitution, municipalities are “creatures of the states” → the states possess full legal authority over the local govts it creates

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4
Q

General Act Charters

A

divide cities into classes based on population, diff powers granted to diff classes of local govt
Protects cities from arbitrary treatment and partisan actors but does not fully protect against political discrimination

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5
Q

preemption

A

authority of states to bar localities from taking specified actions or from acting in designated areas (ex: taxing)

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6
Q

Imminent Domain

A

states can take land for public use, but must pay back “market value”
Home rule - allows cities to make decisions without state approval so long as it does not contradict federal or state law

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7
Q

Why are localities reliant on intergovernmental assistance?

A

Localities are not free to levy taxes, impose fees, and borrow money as they wish, they require state and federal aid
- Property taxes are the workhorses of local govt finance

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8
Q

Weak Mayor System

A

mayor has limited authority, governs with other executives, mayor cannot appoint

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9
Q

Strong mayor system

A

mayor is clearly head of exec. Branch, typically in big cities

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10
Q

Commission Government

A

no separation of powers, a 5-9 member council runs the city with executive and legislative responsibilities

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11
Q

Council-manager system

A

city council appoints a “manager”

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12
Q

Deracialization

A

running on a platform that does not focus on a candidate’s race

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13
Q

Regressive Taxes

A

harsher on poor people than rich people (ex: sales tax, property taxes, parking fees)

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14
Q

User charges

A

parking fees, entrance fees

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15
Q

What is trachoma?

A

common among immigrants coming to America, an infection of the eyelids that caused blindness. If they tested positive they were sent back

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16
Q

How did political machines help immigrants?

A
  • People needed a job and a place to live → machines provided this
  • Machines traded favors for votes (housing, jobs, help with paperwork, social mobility, descriptive representation)
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17
Q

What factors contributed to the downfall of machines?

A
  • Reform measures
  • Nonpartisan elections
  • At-large elections - catering was less necessary
  • Merit-based hiring
  • Federal immigration restrictions, Johnson reed bill, set quotas set for each country
  • Racial tension - Machines didn’t reach out to African Americans or Latinos
  • Growth of the welfare state/rise of social welfare programs
  • Suburbanization
  • Economic prosperity
  • Education increases
  • Changes in media - people listened to the radio to learn about candidates instead of going to events
  • Direct primaries
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18
Q

What was the political machine scene like for Pittsburgh?

A
  • Scots and Scotch-Irish settled there and in other parts of upper appalachia (West Virginia, eastern Kentucky)
  • Steel industry → went hand in hand with coal and railroads
  • Chris Magee was boss
  • William Flinn allied with Boss Magee
  • Magee controlled businessmen, republicans, democrats, railroads, financers,
  • Bruce Charter
  • Municipal Ring attempts to beat the ring
    Matthew Quay worked with reformers
    Ripper bill to remove mayors
    Bigelow becomes boss of the citizen’s party (a union of all parties)
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19
Q

What was the political machine scene in Philadelphia?

A
  • Not heavily immigrant population (unlike most eastern cities)
  • Bullitt Law - Executive has complete power
  • Machine controlled entire process of voting
  • Local bosses were chosen at the state level in PA, unliked Tammany in NY. Matthew Quay controlled the state and chose David Martin as Philly Boss
  • Corruption in contracting
    Pittsburgh beneficiary - Booth & Flinn, Ltd
    Philly beneficiary - Filbert & Porter
  • Martin and Quay parted ways
    Israel Durham replaced Martin
  • Reformers - Some were disaffected former machine loyalists
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20
Q

What was the hierarchy of machines?

A

Boss
Ward leader
Precinct captain
Block captain - (the one responsible for getting people to vote)
Voters

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21
Q

What change did machine reformers want?

A
  • Civil service systems
  • Non partisan elections - aggravate class bias in voting turnout - uneducated people may be confused and stay home with no party hints
  • At large elections
  • Voter initiatives
  • Growth in bureaucracy
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22
Q

What were the two branches of the reform movement?

A
  1. Structural reform - wanted to break down machine structure
  2. Social reform - They didn’t like the way the machines worked with business community at the expense of the poor

Reformers tended to be upper-class, wanted to keep immigrants out of politics

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23
Q

What did the post-reform city look like?

A
  • Old reforms took citizens out of government and new reformers wanted to fix that
  • District based or “mixed” systems
  • Conflict of interest laws
  • Open-meeting or “sunshine laws” - no meetings behind closed doors
  • Campaign finance reform
  • Term limits
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24
Q

What is Sherry Arnstein’s 8-rung ladder of citizen participation?

A

Nonparticipation (no power)
1. Manipulation - when public institutions, officials, or administrators mislead citizens into believing they are being given power in a process that has been intentionally manufactured to deny them power
2. Therapy - create pseudo-participatory programs that attempt to convince citizens that they are the problem when in fact it’s established institutions and policies that are creating the problems for citizens
3. Informing - citizens are “intimidated by futility, legalistic jargon, and prestige of the official” to accept the information provided as fact or endorse the proposals put forward by those in power.
Tokenism (counterfeit power)
-4. Consultation - “inviting citizens’ opinions, like informing them, can be a legitimate step toward their full participation but this rung of the ladder is still a sham since it offers no assurance that citizen concerns and ideas will be taken into account.
5. Placation - when citizens are granted a limited degree of influence in a process, but their participation is largely or entirely tokenistic: citizens are merely involved only to demonstrate that they were involved
Citizen power (actual power)
6. Partnership - when public institutions, officials, or administrators allow citizens to negotiate better deals, veto decisions, share funding, or put forward requests that are at least partially fulfilled.
7. Delegated power - when public institutions, officials, or administrators give up at least some degree of control, management, decision-making authority, or funding to citizens
8. Citizen control (community control) - when “participants or residents can govern a program or an institution, be in full charge of policy and managerial aspects, and be able to negotiate the conditions under which ‘outsiders’ may change them.”

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25
Community Development Corporations
- “Gap-fillers” - Building and providing housing - Neighborhood economic development - Run health clinics and daycare centers - Job training programs - Youth activities - Food pantries - Neighborhood cleanups - Bridge-building strategies between them and gov’t or them and corporations
26
business improvement district (BIDs)
Main street BID - improve downtown areas, businesses will pay a little more to make it happen Community BID
27
Pinstripe Patronage
corporate and professional favoritism
28
School Choice Programs
- Vouchers Don’t cover the total cost → doesn’t help poor families Problem with “creaming” → they take the very best students because those are the ones who can afford private schools - Tax deductions and credits Creates “urban dualism” - Charter Schools Do not hire union teachers, publicly funded Creates competition between private and public schools (in theory) Increases segregation of schools DC charter school students did worse than traditional schools - Parochial Schools
29
Models of community power
Elitist model → people who belong to certain groups and social clubs run everything, not elected officials Pluralist model → no significant overlap between economic and political elites (determined in study done in New Haven)
30
Jeffrey Pressman's factors that are preconditions for strong mayoral leadership
1. Sufficient financial resources to launch innovative social programs 2. City jurisdiction in education, housing, redevelopment, and job training 3. Mayoral jurisdiction in the above policy areas 4. A salary high enough for the mayor to work full time as mayor 5. Sufficient staff support for tasks such as speech writing intergovernmental relations and political work 6. Ready vehicles for publicity: friendly newspapers and tv stations 7. Politically oriented groups, including a political party that the payor can mobilize to help achieve goals
31
John p kotter and paul lawrence 5 variables that contribute to mayoral success
1. Setting a decision making agenda 2. Controlling one's time 3. Expanding one's political alliance to attract new supporters 4. Building a large staff to whom they can delegate responsibilities 5. Gaining political control over city government
32
Ceremonial Mayor
A mayor with little personal strength and little municipal power
33
Crusader Mayor
A mayor with great personal strength and little municipal power
34
Caretaker Mayor
A mayor with little personal strength and great municipal power
35
String Mayor/Political Entrepreneur
A mayor with great personal strength and great municipal power
36
Three stages of decentralizaton
1. Community action and model city programs Maxim feasible participation Created by congress 2. Community control movement of late 60s 3. Continuing emphasis on citizen participation and neighborhood revitalization
37
Goals of community action programs
Improve public services for the poor Mobilize both public and private resources to cope with problems of poverty Engage with maximum feasible participation of the poor in carrying out the program
38
Examples of community control
Decentralization of education → popular with Black americans because of lack of hope for integration Little city halls → mayoral branches that served to improve ties with community Neighborhood advisory councils → dividing city up and allowing each section to advise the city about their neighborhood The poor people didn’t benefit as much as people thought they would from these efforts → it was because poor people were not the ones showing up to community meetings, paper class folks had their demands met because they showed up
39
CASA de Maryland
Founded by central american refugees Serves PG county, montgomery county, Baltimore Also serves other immigrants (25% of clients are immigrants from Africa) It is tax-supported → cause of objection Funded by several govt contracts Faced opposition from conservative orgs (help save maryland, the immigration reform law institute)
40
Day labor center in Herndon, VA
Collab with local govt, churches, and community leaders Lucidial watch filed a lawsuit against the city Voters ousted local officials who supported the center The center closed in Sept. 2007
41
DREAM Act
resulted from CASA lobbying In state tuition for undocumented minors Opponents launched a petition that locked the law Approved in 2012 by voters
42
What did 1960s protests result in?
political participation in the 70s
43
Ways cities prevent Black candidates from winning
At large elections Gerrymandering Annexing suburbs into the cities Socioeconomic development
44
Levels of political incorporation
Weak mobilization and exclusion Protest and exclusion – actively trying to be politically involved but excluded Cooptation and exclusion – get put on boards just to quiet protesters, no real representation Biracial electoral alliance and strong incorporation Best evidence of this is a Black mayor
45
dual strategy for black mayors
Working with business community, working with your community Poor white communities and other minorities left out
46
Political development of hispanics
Chicano → mexicans born in the US Chicano rights movement → call for greater attention to Mexican-American needs in cities 3 categories of Chicano political orgs Accommodationist orgs - LULAC Politically oriented groups - UFW (United Farm Workers Union) More radical organization - stressed cultural nationalism - Brown Berets Mexican American Mayors Mexican americans are not as segregated within cities Larger immigrant community, many cannot vote In San Antonio
47
Asian American political development
Generally, higher levels of education Less segregated than other minorities
48
Challenges of rainbow coalition building
Difficult to made coalitions between Blacks and low income Whites Black and Hispanic alliances → Blacks have largest liberal percentage, hispanics not as much
49
Biases that may disadvantage minority groups
Internal aspects of minority communities Lack of time/money to work on a campaign by community members Government “reforms” - at-large elections Difficulty of establishing coalitions between groups
50
Was DC granted home rule?
DC granted home rule in 1973 (Home rule act 1973) Gave ability to elect mayor, city council Signed into law by Nixon
51
Constitutional home rule
when self govt of cities is in the constitution
52
legislative home rule
when self govt of cities is not in constitution
53
Metropolitan Statistical Area
Includes the surrounding counties of a city
54
Stages of Urban Migration
Stage 1 - 1841-1930 Immigrants from Ireland, Germany Stage 2 - 1890s-1920s Greece, Italy, Poland, Russia Stage 3 - 1910s - 1970s African Americans from South to the North (largest internal migration in the history of the world) Stage 4 - 1965-Present Latin America and Asia
55
Factors responsible for suburbanization
Manufacturing of the automobile Mass production/assembly line innovation → made cars faster and more affordable New technology in road and residential construction Concrete and asphalt Cultural dislike of big cities Invention of long-term, low downpayment mortgages
56
Post-war demographic changes
African Americans and Puerto Ricans to cities Dual Migration Decentralization of the population - people concentrated Urban gentrification Post-redlining Economic transformation of cities → industrial to services Not all factory towns transformed and they shattered economically (Gary, IN) Class-segregated metropolitan areas Less promotion of the social mobility of the poor
57
Types of suburbs
“Boomburbs” larger than the nearby city (Chula Vista, CA) bedroom or dormitory suburbs No businesses, or work other than small shops Blue collar and industrial suburbs Local factory, every man works in it Privatopias Homeowners associations, gated communities, HOA dues pay for things like police Bedroom-developing suburbs Can't keep up with rapid development Exurbs Very far from the metropolitan area Minority dominated suburbs Fair housing act allowed this “Spillover”suburbs, adjacent to the city → people just end up moving out there “Disaster suburbs” Lost tax base when industry leaves, money not invested Edge cities Suburban concentrations of urban things like skyscrapers, colleges, high economic activity Melting pot suburbs Pop centers for new arrival immigrants from latin america and asia Cosmoburbs Ethnically heterogeneous, upscale
58
Racial Steering
when real estate agents show homes in only certain neighborhoods to certain people
59
Why is public school funding an issue?
Schools funded by property taxes, created inequity in districts To reduce inequity in school funding, state funding has been used to offset funding differences State supreme courts have ruled unequal spending violated equal protection of the 14th amendment (Serrano v. Priest) Property tax funding is constitutional because the constitution does not include education (Rodriguez v. San Antonio)
60
means of suburban exclusion
Prohibit multifamily housing Large lot zoning Require expensive construction materials Developer fees and excess charges Designation of “agricultural preserves” Delays and constantly shifting development standards Limited growth and no growth ordinances Ballot box planning
61
factors affecting minority housing opportunities
Italians and Jews were not always seen as white, after WWII they, and other european ethnic groups assimilated Urban renewal destroyed housing in central cities Civil Rights Act of 1964 Fair Housing Act of 1968 Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 - Relieved restrictions on minorities like redlining
62
Spillover suburbs
Found in high immigration zones Refutes public choice theory - people “vote with their feet,” if they dont like whats happening they’ll move out Some immigrants and minorities bypass urban areas DC region has lots of high-income counties
63
dual federalism
states and the federal govt have different distinct jobs
64
Cooperative federalism
recognizes role of both state and city govt in urban affairs
65
Categorical grants
strict provisions on how its spent
66
Block grants
give govts discretion on how to spend in a large functional area Creeping categorization of block grants → eventually becoming categorical
67
Formula grants
statistical criteria to determine how much money goes to a jurisdiction
68
Project Grants
jurisdictions have to submit applications and the best applications get them
69
1949 housing act
Appealed to business interests Slum clearance to build public housing Local politicians saw it as a way to increase revenue Private developers put high-rent developments on cleared land
70
Arguments for 1846 VA retrocession
There were no federal structures in Alexandria The constitution did not put a minimum size for DC There was more space than they needed Residents of Alexandria were not consulted to become part of DC

240 Final (2 decks)

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