Just the Quizzes

Question 1

How does a special act charter differ from a classified charter?

Answer 1

Special Act - each municipality has its own autonomy
Classified - diff powers granted for different classifications of municipalities

Question 2

Why does Steven Erie believe that machines inhibited Irish American economic progress?

Question 3

What political party did the majority of Italian Americans initially identify with? When did this change, and why?

Answer 3

Initially Republicans because Irish didn’t let them into Dem party. Changed with nomination of Al Smith in 1928 (he was Catholic)

Question 4

What political party did Jewish Americans identify with back in the late-19th century. Why did they support that
party? When did that change?

Answer 4

Initially progressive GOP, brought to dem. party through progressivism of the New Deal

Question 5

How was the Boston School Committee re-structured in the 1990s? How did the racial groups polarize over this
issue?

Answer 5

• transformed from 13-member elected body (nine elected from districts and four at large, each with 2-year terms) to a seven-member body, with each member appointed by the mayor for 4-year terms.
• narrowly passed (51%)
• High level of opposition in Black and poor white communities

Question 6

Explain to me what “Dillon’s Rule” is and its implications for local government.

Answer 6

States have complete authority over city affairs

Question 7

Name two (2) ways, according to our authors, in which female city managers differ from male city managers.

Question 8

How did Catholic parishes assist Irish Americans in their political development?

Question 9

Who was Lois Harrison Jones, and how did she factor in when the Black community voted to support or oppose
an elected Boston School Committee?

Question 10

Explain how the 1920s changes in U.S. immigration laws impacted political machines.

Answer 10

Immigrants were primary targets for machines and bills like the Johnson-Reed act limited the number of immigrants coming into the country

Question 11

How does Tammany Hall differ from the “Ring” in Philadelphia, in both partisanship and in terms of the selection
of people to run each organization?

Answer 11

Tammany ruled with the consent of the people, Philly was complete fraud

Question 12

How was Chicago’s Richard Daley (1) both a help and a hindrance to the aspirations of Chicago’s African
American community?

Answer 12

• supported him because he gave out jobs and benefits to them
• he opposed desegregation of public housing and public schools

Question 13

Define “social reformers” and “Structural reformers.” How do they differ, and in what ways were they similar?

Answer 13

social - didnt like the way machines worked with business community at the expense of the poor
structural - wanted to break down machine structure
- tended to be upper class, wanted to keep immigrants out of politics

Question 14

What party did the majority of Jewish Americans affiliate with in the 1920s? Has this changed, and, if so, how?

Question 15

Why do some argue that Milwaukee’s voucher program is unconstitutional? Why did the courts certify
it as constitutional?

Question 16

According to our authors, do municipal decentralization programs reduce inequities between poor
communities and wealthier communities. Why might this be?

Question 17

How are business improvement districts funded, and what is their purpose?

Question 18

Explain the controversy in the Ocean Hill-Brownsville district of Brooklyn in 1968. Give a thorough explanation.

Question 19

What is Educational Alternatives, Inc. How successful has it been, and how did the organization fare over the
years?

Question 20

What position did Tom Perez have in the Obama administration? Who Perez’ appointment, and why did he
oppose Perez?

Question 21

What is “co-optation,” and give an example as it pertains to community activism.

Question 22

Explain the Alinsky/Industrial Areas Foundation method of community organizing.

Answer 22

Determine the grievance
Rub the wounds raw to spur action
Freeze the target of protest action (blame the city, not us)
Find a quick victory to win

Question 23

Day laborer sites were opened in Montgomery County, Maryland and in Herndon Virginia. Compare the political
reactions of the residents of MoCo with those of Herndon.

Answer 23

• Day labor center in Herndon, VA
  Collab with local govt, churches, and community leaders
  Lucidial watch filed a lawsuit against the city
  Voters ousted local officials who supported the center
  The center closed in Sept. 2007
• CASA in MoCo
  In state tuition for undocumented minors
  Opponents launched a petition that locked the law
  Approved in 2012 by voters

Question 24

What is the Maryland DREAM Act? How did Maryland’s voters react to this Act?

Answer 24

In state tuition for undocumented minors
Opponents launched a petition that locked the law
Approved in 2012 by voters

Question 25

According to our authors, does decentralization remove some of the inequities between poor neighborhoods and well-to-do neighborhoods? Why or why not?

Question 26

Explain the “dual strategy” of Black mayors, and who gets left out with this dual strategy?

Answer 26

Working with business community, working with your community Poor white communities and other minorities left out

Question 27

What arrangement was made to bolster the success of Mexican American candidates in the city of San Antonio, TX? Was this arrangement successful?

Question 28

What is meant by the saying “Johnny Mack ain’t goin’ back?” Who was this saying referring to?

Question 29

What controversy involved Mayor Sharon Pratt and the Hispanic community, and what was the resolution?

Answer 29

Cinco de Mayo parade, police officer shot a man and riots ensued, city hired more bilingual cops but citizens thought she mishandled it

Question 30

Who was D.C.’s first Asian American school superintendent, and what effect did she have on mayoral politics?

Answer 30

Michelle Rhee Had never even been principal, only held a master's degree, supported in affluent communities, laid off Black educators, closed schools in majority Black neighborhoods

Question 31

Which type of municipal legislative representation leads to more success of African American candidates? Why is that?

Question 32

Distinguish between “legislative home rule” and “constitutional home rule.”

Answer 32

Constitutional home rule - when self govt of cities is in the constitution Legislative home rule - when self govt of cities is not in constitution

Question 33

What body was created by the District of Columbia Financial Responsibility and Management Assistance Act, and how were the races polarized over the Act?

Question 34

How did Mayor Walter Washington and FBI Director Hoover differ in the days following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.?

Question 35

Give an explanation of what is provided by the DC-TAG program.

Answer 35

DCTAG pays the difference between in-state and out-of-state tuition, up to $10,000 annually at public colleges and up to $2,500 at private colleges in DC and private HBCUs, nationwide.

Question 36

What is the “constituent unit” form of representation seen in many councils of government? What is the objection to this form of representation?

Answer 36

community representation

Question 37

Why is a metro area with a COG a step ahead when applying for funding under ISTEA?

Question 38

What is “inclusionary zoning?” Give an example

Answer 38

program that ensures that most new housing developments include affordable units

Question 39

What is “block-busting,” and why does it inflate the costs of housing for some buyers?

Answer 39

getting pepole to sell their houses for cheap and then reselling them for much more --> gentrification

Question 40

List the four stages of migrations to U.S. urban areas, the groups who participated, and the approximate years in which each of these migrations occurred.

Answer 40

Stage 1 - 1841-1930 Immigrants from Ireland, Germany Stage 2 - 1890s-1920s Greece, Italy, Poland, Russia Stage 3 - 1910s - 1970s African Americans from South to the North (largest internal migration in the history of the world) Stage 4 - 1965-Present Latin America and Asia

Question 41

Contrast the fate of the cities Gary, IN and Youngstown OH, with that of cities such as Boston, MA and Chicago, IL.

Answer 41

They did not keep up with changing industries and stayed industrial, did not prosper as a result

Question 42

How are public schools funded? Why do some argue that this method of funding violates the 14th Amendment?

Answer 42

Schools funded by property taxes, created inequity in districts To reduce inequity in school funding, state funding has been used to offset funding differences State supreme courts have ruled unequal spending violated equal protection of the 14th amendment (Serrano v. Priest) Property tax funding is constitutional because the constitution does not include education (Rodriguez v. San Antonio)

Question 43

Describe Indianapolis’ “Unigov” scheme. Why did it not lead to more desegregation of schools in that region?

Answer 43

consolidated city-county govt

Question 44

What are “spillover suburbs?” Give an example of a “spillover suburb.” Why do you classify that locality as a spillover suburb?

Answer 44

“Spillover”suburbs, adjacent to the city → people just end up moving out there Found in high immigration zones Refutes public choice theory - people “vote with their feet,” if they dont like whats happening they’ll move out Some immigrants and minorities bypass urban areas DC region has lots of high-income counties

Question 45

Distinguish between “dual federalism” and “cooperative federalism.”

Answer 45

Dual federalism - states and the federal govt have different distinct jobs Cooperative Federalism - recognizes role of both state and city govt in urban affairs

Question 46

What is the difference between a formula grant and a project grant.

Answer 46

Formula grants - statistical criteria to determine how much money goes to a jurisdiction Project grants - jurisdictions have to submit applications and the best applications get them

Question 47

How did urban renewal affect the West End of Boston?

Answer 47

What ended Black state representation? “Urban renewal” of West End - redistricting in 1895 destroyed housing

Question 48

How did the 1937 Housing Act exacerbate residential segregation?

Answer 48

Housing Act of 1937 - direct federalism program, money given directly to cities

Question 49

Explain President Nixon’s “Revenue Sharing” program?

Answer 49

give every county/ city money no strings attached, depended on the size of the jurisdiction

Question 50

When Virginia retroceded its portion of the District of Columbia, back in 1846, what were two arguments as to why D.C. didn’t need that 32 square miles south of the Potomac River?

Answer 50

There were no federal structures in Alexandria The constitution did not put a minimum size for DC There was more space than they needed Residents of Alexandria were not consulted to become part of DC

Question 51

Were Maryland to retrocede D.C. back to the state of Maryland, what would be the constitutional problem it would face? How could that problem be solved?

Question 52

Talk about the constitutional amendment to give D.C. voting representation in Congress, which was passed by Congress in 1978

Answer 52

supported by Carter and RNC chair, passed congress, only 16 states supported

Question 53

Talk about “mini-retrocession” as proposed by U.S. Rep. Dana Rohrbacher. What are its limitations? What has stopped that from passing?

Answer 53

allows voting for only federal office in maryland,

Question 54

What are the two arguments that proponents of D.C. statehood give for supporting it?

Answer 54

700000 unrepresented people DC has highest federal taxes more people than 2 states