final Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
What type of animals were in parts of Gondwana?
A
small predators and herbivores that were often crocodyliformes
2
Q
What were the two major landmasses during the Late Jurassic?
A
Laurasia and Gondwana
3
Q
What are the two types of causes of events?
A
Ultimate and direct
4
Q
When was the major mass extinction at the end of the Mesozoic?
A
65 million years ago
5
Q
What percentage of the existing species disappeared in the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction?
A
30%-70% over span of thousands to millions of years
6
Q
What was the ultimate and direct cause of the mass extinction?
A
Ultimate: maybe earthquake, rising sea level, or meteor
Direct: Habitat loss
7
Q
What were the massive eruptions in India at the end of the Cretaceous period called?
A
Deccan Traps
8
Q
Where is the massive crater at?
A
Yucatan Peninsula
9
Q
When did many mammal clades arise?
A
During the Cretaceous
10
Q
What was the most important event of the Cenozoic?
A
The Grand Coupure, the change from hothouse to icehouse
11
Q
Cenozoic saw the emergence of what?
A
Grasslands
12
Q
What was the “Ice Age”?
A
series of glacial periods over the past 2 to 2.5 million years
13
Q
What were some important changes by the middle of the Cretaceous?
A
The appearance of angiosperms (flowering plants), the breakup of Laurasia and Gondwana
14
Q
In the Late Permian, where were all continents conjoined as pangea?
A
Mostly in the southern hemisphere
15
Q
What caused the mass extinction at the end of the Permian?
A
it is unclear, but perhaps changes in seawater climate and chemistry
16
Q
In the early part of the Late Triassic, what type of animals were no longer present?
A
large cynodonts
17
Q
By the end of the Triassic, what animals were no longer present?
A
dicynodonts and large pseudosuchians
18
Q
What were the results of Pangea’s northward shift?
A
the expansion of tropical zones and the expansion of arid zones
19
Q
How was wide dispersal allowed in the Late Triassic?
A
the continents were still connected
20
Q
Sauropods, stegosaurs, ankylosaurs, ornithopods, and marginocephalians were what type of eaters?
A
herbivores
21
Q
allosauroids, megalosauroids, ceratosaurs, and coelurosaurs were what type of eaters?
A
predators
22
Q
What continents made up Laurasia?
A
N. America, most of Eurasia
23
Q
What places were part of Gondwana?
A
S. America, Africa, South Asia, Madagascar, Australia, and Antartica
24
Q
What is the general rule for Cretaceous land vertebrates?
A
Laurasia was dominated by dispersal, Gondwana was dominated by vicariance
25
Aves had a pneumatic hole where?
on the humerus
26
Why do Aves seem to appear at different times based on fossils and the DNA record?
The fossil record is incomplete and biased, and molecular dates are imprecise
27
On pterosaurs, what digit(s) supported the wings?
Only the 4th digit, which was elongated
28
What is the notarium?
fused dorsal neural spines
29
What are the synapomorphies for crocodyliformes?
skull table (skull flat behind orbits) and secondary palate
30
How can you tell the difference between a croc and an alligator?
Alligators have overbites, crocs have interweaving teeth
31
What are the general modes of locomotion in secondarily aquatic amniotes?
tail-driven (long tail, short humerus/femur) or flipper-driven (short tail, long humerus/femur)
32
How did secondarily aquatic amniotes modify their sensory system?
they had large eyes and well-developed ears
33
Where was the nares shifted in secondarily aquatic amniotes?
toward the top of the head
34
What are the two birth strategies in secondarily aquatic amniotes?
live birth or laying eggs on land
35
What causes a downwardly bent tail?
the shape of the caudal vertebrae
36
How were synapsids able to process microbes?
They had broad, barrel shaped torsos that allowed a big gut size
37
Why did therapsids have more of an upright posture?
the femoral head was inturned
38
What is important about cynodontian vertebrae?
The dorsal vertebrae were separated into lumbar and thoracic regions (thoracic have ribs), and therefore they had diaphragms
39
What is important about mammalia teeth?
They have true molars and premolars and only two sets of teeth
40
In humans, what does the postdentary bone move from the jaw to?
the ear
41
What are monotremes?
egg-laying mammals
42
What 3 structures never appeared in marsupials?
wings, hooves, and flippers (they need grasping hands)
43
Who realized the connection between dinosaurs and birds?
John Ostrom
44
What are some traits that arose independently in mammals and birds?
upright posture, the ability to breathe and walk at the same time, external body coverings, warm-blooded
45
When do crocodylians reach sexual maturity?
Before terminal size
46
When do most mammals and birds reach sexual maturity?
at or after terminal size
47
When do animals with seasonal growth tend to grow fastest?
during the warm season
48
If the source of body heat is external, animals are:
ectothermic
49
If the source of body heat is internal, animals are
endothermic
50
If body temperature is constant, animals are:
homeothermic
51
If body temperature is variable, animals are:
poikilothermic
52
If an animal has a high metabolic rate, it is:
tachymetabolic
53
If an animal has a low metabolic rate, it is:
bradymetabolic
54
How can an animal be ectothermic and a homeotherm?
By having a large body size and behavioral control
55
How can some animals be endotherms without mitochondria?
by having lots of muscular activity
56
What are some pros of being an endotherm?
having greater endurance and greater cold tolerance
57
What is biogeography?
the study of geographic distribution of organisms
58
What is vicariance?
the division of a population by a geographical barrier
59
What is dispersal?
the extension of a population across a geographic barrier
60
What are the 3 basic types of plate boundaries?
divergent, convergent, and translational
61
When is dispersal preferred over vicariance?
When geographic and organismal phylogenies don't match
62
Who was Trofim Lysenko?
a soviet era scientist who brought about famine
63
Who was Thabo Mbeki?
a former South African president who refused to believe in the connection between HIV and AIDS
64
Who was Gotabaya Rajapaksa?
former Sri Lankan president who went against using non-organic ways of agriculture--this lead to economic crises and debt
65
How were aves able to breathe and walk at the same time?
the hindlimb muscles shift to the hip, decoupling locomotion from the axial skeleton
66
What is an indeterminate growth pattern?
a gradual slowdown to maximum size
67
What is a determinate growth pattern?
an abrupt slowdown to maximum size
68
What were the crests of pterosaurs for?
possibly for aerodynamic function (steering)
69
What bone did pterosauria exclusively have?
pteroid bone that connected wing membrane to neck
70
What characteristic was present in pterodactyloids, but not all pterosaurs?
longer cervical vertebrae
71
True or false: birds are dinosaurs.
true
72
True or false: bats are dinosaurs.
false, they are mammalia
73
What is a monophyletic group?
an ancestor and all of its descendants
74
Did hair cover the bodies of pterosaurs?
yes, and we have direct preservation
75
During the end of the Cretaceous, were remaining pterosaurs large or small?
large
76
What type of joints did crocdylia have between vertebrae?
ball and socket joints
77
What special characteristic did crocodylomorpha have?
elongated carpals
78
small predators and herbivores that were often crocodyliformes
What type of animals were in parts of Gondwana?
79
Laurasia and Gondwana
What were the two major landmasses during the Late Jurassic?
80
Ultimate and direct
What are the two types of causes of events?
81
65 million years ago
When was the major mass extinction at the end of the Mesozoic?
82
30%-70% over span of thousands to millions of years
What percentage of the existing species disappeared in the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction?
83
Ultimate: maybe earthquake, rising sea level, or meteor
Direct: Habitat loss
What was the ultimate and direct cause of the mass extinction?
84
Deccan Traps
What were the massive eruptions in India at the end of the Cretaceous period called?
85
Yucatan Peninsula
Where is the massive crater at?
86
During the Cretaceous
When did many mammal clades arise?
87
The Grand Coupure, the change from hothouse to icehouse
What was the most important event of the Cenozoic?
88
Grasslands
Cenozoic saw the emergence of what?
89
series of glacial periods over the past 2 to 2.5 million years
What was the "Ice Age"?
90
The appearance of angiosperms (flowering plants), the breakup of Laurasia and Gondwana
What were some important changes by the middle of the Cretaceous?
91
Mostly in the southern hemisphere
In the Late Permian, where were all continents conjoined as pangea?
92
it is unclear, but perhaps changes in seawater climate and chemistry
What caused the mass extinction at the end of the Permian?
93
large cynodonts
In the early part of the Late Triassic, what type of animals were no longer present?
94
dicynodonts and large pseudosuchians
By the end of the Triassic, what animals were no longer present?
95
the expansion of tropical zones and the expansion of arid zones
What were the results of Pangea's northward shift?
96
the continents were still connected
How was wide dispersal allowed in the Late Triassic?
97
herbivores
Sauropods, stegosaurs, ankylosaurs, ornithopods, and marginocephalians were what type of eaters?
98
predators
allosauroids, megalosauroids, ceratosaurs, and coelurosaurs were what type of eaters?
99
N. America, most of Eurasia
What continents made up Laurasia?
100
S. America, Africa, South Asia, Madagascar, Australia, and Antartica
What places were part of Gondwana?
101
Laurasia was dominated by dispersal, Gondwana was dominated by vicariance
What is the general rule for Cretaceous land vertebrates?
102
on the humerus
Aves had a pneumatic hole where?
103
The fossil record is incomplete and biased, and molecular dates are imprecise
Why do Aves seem to appear at different times based on fossils and the DNA record?
104
Only the 4th digit, which was elongated
On pterosaurs, what digit(s) supported the wings?
105
fused dorsal neural spines
What is the notarium?
106
Alligators have overbites, crocs have interweaving teeth
How can you tell the difference between a croc and an alligator?
107
tail-driven (long tail, short humerus/femur) or flipper-driven (short tail, long humerus/femur)
What are the general modes of locomotion in secondarily aquatic amniotes?
108
they had large eyes and well-developed ears
How did secondarily aquatic amniotes modify their sensory system?
109
toward the top of the head
Where was the nares shifted in secondarily aquatic amniotes?
110
live birth or laying eggs on land
What are the two birth strategies in secondarily aquatic amniotes?
111
the shape of the caudal vertebrae
What causes a downwardly bent tail?
112
They had broad, barrel shaped torsos that allowed a big gut size
How were synapsids able to process microbes?
113
the femoral head was inturned
Why did therapsids have more of an upright posture?
114
The dorsal vertebrae were separated into lumbar and thoracic regions (thoracic have ribs), and therefore they had diaphragms
What is important about cynodontian vertebrae?
115
They have true molars and premolars and only two sets of teeth
What is important about mammalia teeth?
116
the ear
In humans, what does the postdentary bone move from the jaw to?
117
egg-laying mammals
What are monotremes?
118
wings, hooves, and flippers (they need grasping hands)
What 3 structures never appeared in marsupials?
119
John Ostrom
Who realized the connection between dinosaurs and birds?
120
upright posture, the ability to breathe and walk at the same time, external body coverings, warm-blooded
What are some traits that arose independently in mammals and birds?
121
Before terminal size
When do crocodylians reach sexual maturity?
122
at or after terminal size
When do most mammals and birds reach sexual maturity?
123
during the warm season
When do animals with seasonal growth tend to grow fastest?
124
ectothermic
If the source of body heat is external, animals are:
125
endothermic
If the source of body heat is internal, animals are
126
homeothermic
If body temperature is constant, animals are:
127
poikilothermic
If body temperature is variable, animals are:
128
tachymetabolic
If an animal has a high metabolic rate, it is:
129
bradymetabolic
If an animal has a low metabolic rate, it is:
130
By having a large body size and behavioral control
How can an animal be ectothermic and a homeotherm?
131
by having lots of muscular activity
How can some animals be endotherms without mitochondria?
132
having greater endurance and greater cold tolerance
What are some pros of being an endotherm?
133
the study of geographic distribution of organisms
What is biogeography?
134
the division of a population by a geographical barrier
What is vicariance?
135
the extension of a population across a geographic barrier
What is dispersal?
136
divergent, convergent, and translational
What are the 3 basic types of plate boundaries?
137
When geographic and organismal phylogenies don't match
When is dispersal preferred over vicariance?
138
a soviet era scientist who brought about famine
Who was Trofim Lysenko?
139
a former South African president who refused to believe in the connection between HIV and AIDS
Who was Thabo Mbeki?
140
former Sri Lankan president who went against using non-organic ways of agriculture--this lead to economic crises and debt
Who was Gotabaya Rajapaksa?
141
the hindlimb muscles shift to the hip, decoupling locomotion from the axial skeleton
How were aves able to breathe and walk at the same time?
142
a gradual slowdown to maximum size
What is an indeterminate growth pattern?
143
an abrupt slowdown to maximum size
What is a determinate growth pattern?
144
possibly for aerodynamic function (steering)
What were the crests of pterosaurs for?
145
pteroid bone that connected wing membrane to neck
What bone did pterosauria exclusively have?
146
longer cervical vertebrae
What characteristic was present in pterodactyloids, but not all pterosaurs?
147
true
True or false: birds are dinosaurs.
148
false, they are mammalia
True or false: bats are dinosaurs.
149
an ancestor and all of its descendants
What is a monophyletic group?
150
yes, and we have direct preservation
Did hair cover the bodies of pterosaurs?
151
large
During the end of the Cretaceous, were remaining pterosaurs large or small?
152
ball and socket joints
What type of joints did crocdylia have between vertebrae?
153
elongated carpals
What special characteristic did crocodylomorpha have?
