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Final Flashcards

1
Q

peristalsis

A

mixes, crushes & propels food

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2
Q

What holds the stomach to the liver

A

Lesser omentum

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3
Q

What causes increase salivation

A

parasympathetic

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4
Q

What stops salivation

A

sympathetic nerves

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5
Q

Myxovirus

A

that attacks the parotid gland

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6
Q

Bolus

A

food chewed up going down your throat

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7
Q

Esophagus Muscularis histology

A

upper 1/3 is skeletal, middle is mixed,
lower 1/3 is smooth

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8
Q

Parietal cell

A

Produces hydrochloric acid
Intrnsic factor

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9
Q

Where does the digestion of carbohydrate begin

A

Salvia/mouth

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9
Q

Chief (zynogenic) cell

A

secretes pepsinogen

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10
Q

Where does the digestion of proteins begin

A

Stomach

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11
Q

Where is most lipase produced

A

Pancreas

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12
Q

With out intrsitic factor you cant absorb

A

b12

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13
Q

Enteroendocrine cell (g cell)

A

secretes gastrin

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14
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

converts pepsinogen from chief cell to pepsin

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15
Q

Gastrin hormone

A

get it out of here”
* release more gastric juice
* increase gastric motility
* relax pyloric sphincter
* constrict esophageal
sphincter preventing entry

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15
Q

How long for meal to empty your stomach

A

3-5 hours

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16
Q

HC1

A

kills microbes in food

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17
Q

cck

A

Cholecystokinin is a potent inhibitor of gastric emptying.
relax the proximal stomach and contract the pyloric sphincter, and either one or both of these actions could mediate inhibition of gastric emptying.

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18
Q

absorption of monosaccharides into epithelial cell

A

glucose & galactose—-sodium symporter(active transport)
fructose—–facilitated diffusion

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19
Q

monosaccharides Movement out of epithelial cell into bloodstream

A

by facilitated diffusion

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20
Q

Absorption of amnio acids and dipeptides into epithelial cell

A

active transport with Na+ or H+ ions (symporters)

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21
Q

amino acid and dipeptides movement out of epithelial cell into blood

A

diffusion

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22
Q

How do small fatty acid enter cell then blood by

A

diffusion

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23
larger lipid exist only within
micelles
24
How do lipids enter cells
simple diffusion leaving bile salts behind in gut
25
fat soluble vitamins are enter cells since
were within micelles
25
inside epithelial cells fats are rebuilt and coated with proteins to form
chylomicrons
26
chylomicrons leave intestinal cells by
exocytosis into a lacteal
27
How much water in reabsorbs that the body produces
99%
28
internal anal sphincter
smooth muscle and involuntary
29
external anal sphincter
skeletal muscle and voluntary control
30
What does the parasympathic system do to the digestion tract
makes it contract
31
what does the sympathetic do to the digestion tract
slow it down
32
haustral churning
relaxed pouches are filled from below by muscular contractions
33
gastroilial reflex
when stomach is full gastrin hormone relaxes ileocecal sphincter so small intestine will empty and make room the urge to defict
34
gastrocolic reflex
when stomach fills a strong peristaltic wave moves content of transverse colon into rectum
35
cephalic phase
stomach getting ready cerebral cortex + sight,smell taste and thought stimulate parasympathetic nervous system vagus nerve increase stomach muscle and glandular activity
36
gastric phase
stomach working nervous control keeps stomach active
37
intestinal phase stomach emptying
strectch receptors in duodenum slow stomach activity and increase intestinal activity distension, fatty acids or sugar signal ,medulla sympathetic nerves slow stomach activity
38
secretin
acidity in intestine causes increased sodium bicarbonate release
39
GIP
decreases stomach secretions, motility & emptying
40
CCK
fats and proteins cause increased digestive enzyme release
41
bile production
one quart of bile/day is secreted by the liver
42
liver functions-- carbohydrate metabolism
turns proteins into glucose turn triglycerides into glucose turns excess glucose into glycogen and store in the liver turn glycogen back into glucose as needed
43
liver functions lipid metabolism
synthesize cholestrole synthesize lipoprotiens HDL and LDL store some fat breaks down some fatty acids
44
Liver Functions--Protein Metabolism
Deamination = removes NH2 (amine group) from amino acids so can use what is left as energy source * Converts resulting toxic ammonia (NH3) into urea for excretion by the kidney * Synthesizes plasma proteins utilized in the clotting mechanism and immune system * Convert one amino acid into another
45
where is Secretin
pancreas, liver & stomach
46
where is Cholecystokinin--CCK
pancreas, gallbladder, sphincter of Oddi, & stomach
47
how long is the duodenum
10 inches
48
how long is the jejunum
8 feet
49
how long is the ileum
12 feet
50
Functions of Microvilli
Absorption and digestion * Digestive enzymes found at cell surface on microvilli * Digestion occurs at cell surfaces * Significant cell division within intestinal glands produces new cells that move up * Once out of the way---rupturing and releasing their digestive enzymes & proteins
51
Roles of Intestinal Juice & Brush-Border Enzymes
**responsible for the majority of chemical digestion. ** Submucosal layer has duodenal glands – secretes alkaline mucus * Mucosal layer contains intestinal glands = Crypts of Lieberkuhn(deep to surface) – secretes intestinal juice * 1-2 qt./day------ at pH 7.6 – brush border enzymes – paneth cells secrete lysozyme kills bacteria
52
Lactose Intolerance
Mucosal cells of small intestine fail to produce lactase – essential for digestion of lactose sugar in milk – undigested lactose retains fluid in the feces – bacterial fermentation produces gases * Symptoms – diarrhea, gas, bloating & abdominal cramps * Dietary supplements are helpful
53
kidney functions
regulate blood ionic composition blood ph, osmolarity and glucose blood volume blood pressure release of erythropoietin and calcitriol excretion of wastes and foreign substances
54
Proximal convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal with brush border of microvilli that increase surface area
55
Descending limb of loop of Henle
simple squamous
56
Ascending limb of loop of Henle
simple cuboidal to low columnar – forms juxtaglomerular apparatus where makes contact with afferent arteriole * macula densa is special part of ascending limb
57
Distal convoluted & collecting ducts
simple cuboidal composed of principal & intercalated cells which have microvilli
58
NFP formula
GBHP - (CHP + BCOP)
59
Paracellular reabsorption
50% of reabsorbed material moves between cells by diffusion in some parts of tubule
60
Transcellular reabsorption
material moves through both the apical and basal membranes of the tubule cell by active transport
61
plica circularis
permanent ½ inch tall folds that contain part of submucosal layer * not found in lower ileum * can not stretch out like rugae in stomach
62
villi
* 1 Millimeter tall * Core is lamina propria of mucosal layer * Contains vascular capillaries and lacteals(lymphatic capillaries)
63
microvilli
* cell surface feature known as brush border * Absorption and digestion * Digestive enzymes found at cell surface on microvilli * Digestion occurs at cell surfaces * Significant cell division within intestinal glands produces new cells that move up * Once out of the way---rupturing and releasing their digestive enzymes & proteins
64
Digestion of Carbohydrates order
* Mouth---salivary amylase * Esophagus & stomach---nothing happens * Duodenum----pancreatic amylase * Brush border enzymes (maltase, sucrase & lactose) act on disaccharides – produces monosaccharides--fructose, glucose & galactose – lactose intolerance (no enzyme; bacteria ferment sugar)--gas & diarrhea

A&P Final (1 decks)

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