FINAL Flashcards
(311 cards)
1
Q
Which is the only fatty acid that can drive the conversion of glucose and lactose production?
A
Proprionate
2
Q
Can acetate and butyrate also produce glucose and lactose?
A
No
3
Q
What will amino acids get broken down into?
A
Ammonia and Urea
4
Q
What organ will make urea from ammonia?
A
Liver
5
Q
Why do ruminants need a lower protein diet than dogs?
A
They are able to reuse urea
6
Q
What is the best source of lysine in a ruminants diet?
A
Rumen bacteria
7
Q
Why is lysine such an important amino acid?
A
Body can’t make enough of it (limiting amino acid)
8
Q
Which fatty acid is the fat precursor?
A
Acetate
9
Q
What does butyrate get converted into?
A
Beta hydroxy butyurate (ketone body)
10
Q
What is the physical difference between unsaturated vs. saturated?
A
Unsaturated - liquid, saturated - solid
11
Q
What type of lipids are mostly in the rumen and why?
A
Saturated - because rumen will saturate all fatty acids
12
Q
What can impede microbes in the rumen?
A
Too much fat (>6%)
13
Q
What do you make when you mix ash with fat?
A
Soap
14
Q
Which are the most common feeds for production livestock?
A
Pasture forages and rangeland
15
Q
What do hogs and chickens eat that is not that expensive?
A
Corn and soybean meal
16
Q
What is the high feeds given to freeyard cattle and lambs with the protein supplement?
A
Corn, milo, corn silage, soybean meal minimal forage
17
Q
When should you give a vitamin-mineral supplement?
A
Year round
18
Q
Which species likes to browse most of the time?
A
Goats
19
Q
Cattle are primary what (in dealing with eating food)?
A
Grazers of grasses and legumes
20
Q
What is the relationship between quantity and quality of plant harvest?
A
Inverse - quality will decrease as yield increases
21
Q
Why will sheep get more parasites than cattle or sheep?
A
They graze close to the ground
22
Q
What do ruminants at rest do?
A
Chew cud
23
Q
If the ruminant is not grazing what should they be doing?
A
Ruminating
24
Q
Does grazing behavior change with heat stress? What increases the risk of?
A
Yes - concentrate the eating part
This increases the risk of bloat
25
What is the most important information of forage analysis and can you get it from the analysis?
Calories and no most of it is estimation
26
How accurate is the estimation of calories (energy)?
Not very accurate
27
What are the harmful parts of the plant secondary metabolites?
Nitrates, Cyanogenic glycosides, phytate
28
What are the benefits of the plant secondary metabolites?
Tannins, essential oils
29
What are the beneficial and harmful effects of plant secondary metabolites?
Saponins
30
What do saponins predispose to that is harmful to the ruminant?
Enhances bloat
31
Why is phytate harmful?
Binds to phosphorous and breaks it down in the rumen
32
What are the factors that influence productivity?
Precipitation, temperature, soil characteristics
33
What is it called when compacted soils have reduced water holding capacity and infiltration?
Bulk density
34
What are the nutrients that are most important for grass to grow?
Water and nitrogen
35
What do fertilizers have to make grass grow?
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
36
What is needed to have better water retention and supply nutrients to a plant?
Higher Carbon
37
What does spring fertilizer promote?
Grass growth - more hay
38
What does fall fertilizer promote?
Root growth - better pasture
39
What are the major plants in the planet?
Cool season plants
40
When are warm season plants more efficient?
Limited water, temp >90
41
Which grass has a higher protein and what enzyme does it have?
Cool season - Rubisco
42
(T/F) Most of our pasture are not native and they must be managed, they are called rangelands.
False (They are called forages or pastureland)
43
Does one forage meet year round needs?
No (either two humps - cool or just one - warm)
44
How do we measure how much grass to provide a cow?
Animal unit
45
What is the equivalent to one animal unit?
1000 lbs of mature cow, above average milking, with a calf less than 3 months
46
Which one is better for growth, picking and choosing or give them all they need?
Picking and choosing
47
What did the old way (Dominant system) entail?
One pasture - 75% utilization
48
What grazing method do we use most commonly now?
8 Paddock
49
How long should the pasture rest?
14 days
50
What are the limitations for the 8 paddock method?
Fence and provision of water
51
Which method is described as calves going through fences and eating all the good grass while mom eats what is left?
Creep grazing
52
Which method is described as having a large amount of calves and then selling them after spring flush of growth?
Put and take
53
Is pasture good enough for cows?
For the most part yes
54
When soil is low in nitrogen, what plant predominates? There is a higher risk of what tho?
Clover
Bloat
55
What is the problem with turning cattle from dry hay to lush pasture?
The nutrients will run through them
56
What 4 properties does lush pasture have?
High soluble protein, high potassium, low dry matter, low fiber
57
The substance in certain legumes that has potential in helping with parasite control is called what?
Tannin
58
How long should fescue be grazed down in late July-August?
2 inches
59
When do you want to let the cows start grazing?
Thanksgiving
60
(T/F) Part of grazing behavior is learned.
True
61
What is an alternative to hay rings?
Bale grazing
62
What is a more efficient way in getting cows to eat hay?
You limit feed on hay pads (give access for 6-8 hours)
63
What food will be cheaper than hay in some instances?
Corn
64
Why does fresh spring grasses runs through the cattle instead of being absorbed?
High soluble protein, High potassium
Low dry matter, low fibers
65
How does colostrum differ from milk?
Colostrum - nutrient dense, immunoglobulins, hormones, fat soluble vitamins, less glucose and lactose, less water
66
When does the gut close to IgG?
24 hours
67
How much do you want to feed the calf colostrum in first 24 hours?
10% of their body weight
68
If we freeze the colostrum, what will be the nutrient that will be lost?
Colostral lymphocytes, decrease IgG content
69
Is mom going to get more/less immunocompetent while feeding her calf?
Less
70
When you dethaw colostrum, when should it be given?
In 48 hours
71
What happens if you heat colostrum?
Will denature proteins
72
At what time would you consider the best absorption of colostrum if the calves start suckling?
First 6 hours
73
What environmental factor is associated with decreased calf IgG and absorptive capacity?
Extreme cold or heat
74
(T/F) Colostrum replacers are as good as mom in some cases.
False - it is really hard to beat mom
75
Which types of calves require more milk on a daily basis?
Beef > Dairy
76
Which species would you prefer to use as a milk replacement in most cases, why?
Lamb milk - the most fat out of all of them
77
Which micromineral is the most abundant in milk (apart from calcium)?
Potassium
78
Which milk is considered waste milk?
Transition milk (first 72-96 hours) or mastitic milk
79
In dairy cattle, when do you want to take the calf from mom?
At birth
80
What are the pros of mastitic milk?
Inexpensive, contains IgG relative to the farm
81
Why would we not feed mastitic milk to humans?
Poor quality, antibiotic residue, “gross” milk
82
(T/F) Milk replacers are whole milk.
False
83
Between which weeks do we want to start to give high quality milk or replacer?
1-3 weeks
84
Between which weeks can we give lower quality replacer milk?
>3 weeks
85
What do we provide milk for and contrary to what do we provide grain for to a calf?
Milk: maintenance, grain: growth
86
When do you want to provide a cow starter diet?
First week
87
When do you want to start adding hay to feed?
Until weaning
88
Rumen is enhanced by hay/grain.
Grain
89
How much grain should the calves be eating when we cut the milk in half?
2-4 lbs/day
90
Lifetime production is maximized in heifers that calf starting at what age?
24 months
91
By what time do we want to get heifers pregnant?
14-15 months
92
What do we want to add to the calf starter feed to transition the calves from monogastric to ruminant?
Legumes or grass hay
93
Is it easy to mix hay and grain?
No, we can figure out how much grain is in but cannot monitor hay
94
During 6 months until breeding what should the diet consist of?
Forages, corn silage should be half of forage intake and concentrate depending on forage quality
95
When should you transition into lactation diets?
1-2 months prior to parturition
96
What are the three ways of measuring body weight?
Scales, weight tapes, hipometer
97
How long before parturition should cows eat lactation diets to adapt rumen? What is this called?
1-2 months
Lead feeding
98
What are the differences between raising a beef vs dairy calf (from birth to harvest/calving)?
Dairy: Feed grain 2 months-24 months
Beef: Forage (pasture/hay) based diet, feed supplements 7months-13 months
99
When are most beef cattle weaned?
6-8months
100
(T/F) Calves that are offered creep feed tend to have higher weaning weights.
T
101
(T/F) Calves will prefer creep feed over their moms milk.
False - they will still prefer their mothers milk if given the chance
102
When do we want heifers to start calving? Get pregnant? Reach puberty?
Calving - 2 years
Pregnant - 14- 15 months
Puberty - A little before 14 months
103
What are the three factors that affect a heifers puberty timeline?
Age, growth rate, body weight
104
What should the goal of a heifer be for a mature breeding weight?
They should be 55-65% mature weights
105
What kind of diet is given to feedlot ruminants? What this predisposes to?
Feed a high grain low forage ration - high risk for acidosis
106
What is the largest cash expense of most beef producers?
Supplemental feed for beef cattle during winter or drought
107
What are the two decisions that set the nutrient requirement of the beef cow?
When you pit a bull in/take out
When do you wean the calves
108
If a hers BCS is <4 during calving what does that predispose her to?
Decrease number of pregnant cows the following breeding season
109
What BCS do you want your cows to have entering winter with a spring calving?
5-6
110
What do you want to analyze hay for? (3 things)
Energy, protein, mineral content
111
What is the number of days a dairy cow is in a dry period? When is the beginning/end?
60 days
Begins when a cow is dried off and ends when she freshens (calves)
112
How many groups are in a dry off system, describe them.
2
Far off - first 5 weeks, close to maintenance ration
Close up - last 3-4 weeks, adapt microbes to lactation ration
113
What are the two goals for a close up cow diet?
Increases nutrient concentration
Adapt the cow (rumen microbes to the lactating cow ration)
114
(T/F) The first calf heifers will eat less than mature cows.
True
115
What BCS do you want dairy cows to dry off and calve at?
Both 3.5 (range 3.25-3.75)
116
How do producers monitor the dry cow program?
Amount of occurrence of fresh cow disease
(milk fever, fat cow syndrome, mastitis)
117
(T/F) A dry cow not wanting to eat is a big problem and has to be address like yesterday
True
118
When do cows peak milk production?
50-70 days in milk
119
Who gives more milk volume/calories?
Older cows
120
Which one changes in milk, volume or calories?
Volume
121
Which ones always has to be higher in density in milk - fat or protein? If it is the other way around, what does this mean?
Fat
Other way - it means there is not enough fiber in the feed and there is a risk for acidosis
122
What is the largest factor in negative energy balance?
Calories coming in
123
What are the goals with an early lactation diet?
Minimize the negative energy balance (main one) and minimize nutritional related diseases
124
What are some of the variables we can change to make sure cows eat more to minimize their NEB?
Transition management, cow comfort, cow health, available water, forage quality, feed bunk management
125
What does the lactating dairy cow need in her ration?
Carbs, fiber minerals, fat, water, minerals
126
(T/F) Cows standing up for long periods of time increase the blood flow to the udder because of gravity.
False, laying down and resting increases blood flow to the udder
127
What three things influence water intake in dairy cow during lactation?
Body weight, lactation, ambient temperature
128
What the rumen bacteria prefer, dry vs wet feed?
Wet - easier to break down
129
In a feed analysis how is fiber measured?
NDF or ADF
130
Of NDF vs NSC/NFC, which one measures cell wall and which one measures cell content? What are their main source?
NDF (fiber) - cell wall most common source hay
NSC/NFC (carbs) - cell contents most common source grain
131
Forages will favor ___ (acetate/propionate/butyrate) production while concentrates will favor ____ (acetate/propionate/butyrate).
Acetate
Propionate
132
If we want to produce more pounds of milk we need to feed what? How about more fat in the milk?
More pounds: Add grain in diet
More fat in milk: Add fiber
133
Soluble fibers are fermented rapidly which will ___ (lower/increase) the risk for acidosis and it will ___ (promote/decrease) cud chewing
lower, decrease
134
(T/F) Fiber is a required nutrient and cows can die if they are deficient.
False - not required
135
What does an ADF of <18% mean in the diet?
Too much grain and rumen acidosis can occur
136
What are the ADF and NDF percentages that we need in lactation rations (Fiber guidelines)?
ADF 19-24%
NDF 28-36%
137
Why is phosphorous so important for rumen health?
Phosphorous will let bacteria grow
138
What would happen if we add too much fat (>7-8%) or unsaturated fat (>3.5) in the feed? How much fat does forage and grain contain?
Depresses the the microbial digestion of fiber
Should be 3% of fat
139
What type of protein is unable to be degraded in the rumen? What happens to it?
Undegradable (bypass) protein
Either utilized in the small intestine or lost in feces
140
What does urea get broken down to in the rumen?
NH3
141
What is the best source of protein for a cow?
Bacterial protein
142
What two minerals deficiencies will limit milk production?
Calcium and phosphorous
143
What vitamins are supplemented in the feed and which are made by the bacteria in the rumen?
Added: Na Bicarb
Made: Vit C, Vit B, Thiamine
144
Why do we want to do lead feeding during dry period?
Adapting the bugs to new diet
Enhances rumen papillae
145
(T/F) If water intake is limited, dry matter intake will decrease
True
146
(T/F) Bovine Somatotropin will decrease dry matter intake.
False - increase
147
What is the most common type of feeding system in dairy cattle?
Total mixed ration (TMR)
148
What are the advantages/disadvantages of TMR?
Adv: Cows receive a balanced ratio, cannot segregate feeds (hopefully)
Disadv: Some ingredients do not mix well
149
Which is an individual feeding system? What is its disadvantage?
Tie stall barns
Disadvantage: Labor instensive
150
What is slug feeding and what can it lead to?
Feeding high amounts of grain to high producing cows while they milk
Risk of acidosis
151
How much should you balance higher than average if you want to increase production in feed requirements?
5-10lbs higher
152
Out of these three feed bunk management rations, which one is the most important?
1. The ration on paper
2. The ration that is fed
3. The ration that the cow consumes
3. The ration that the cow consumes
153
How many waterers per cow?
1 waterer per 25-30 cows
154
How long do you want to provide feed for?
22-24 hours per day
155
What is rBST? Is it legal to add in feed?
Recombinant bovine somatotropin - growth hormone
It is legal to add but major dairy cooperatives will not buy milk from rBST cows
156
What does it mean to have a nutrient management program?
How much phosphorous and nitrogen are bringing in and how they will manage it afterwards
157
How much is one BCS in pounds?
1 BCS = 125-175 lbs
158
What are the ideal BCS of dairy cows in the freshening stage, peak lactation, late lactation?
Freshening stage - 3.0-3.5
Peak lactation - 2.0 - 3.5
Late lactation - 3.0-3.5
159
If you can see a V in line from hooks to thurl to pins what is the BCS? What if you can see a U?
V <3
U >3.25
160
Bringing a bull in or take it out will tell you when what time period begins for a dairy cattle?
Voluntary waiting period
161
(T/F) Cows have follicular waves before they hit puberty
True
162
What variables will help to make a cow resume cycling?
Day length, presence of male, adiposity or leptin, hypothalamic-gonadal axis, gut, suckling response
163
(T/F) Higher concentrations of IGF will delay puberty
False - low levels of IGF will delay puberty
164
What do ionophores do for a heifer?
They decrease the age of puberty independent of weight
165
Is it easy to stop a cow from going into a heat cycle?
No - once they start going it is really hard to stop them (would have to starve them)
166
Why would a mastitic cow not show estrus in 30 days?
Inflammation releases prostaglandins and bacteria releases endotoxins
167
If the cow has a NEB after calving, how will that affect the ovum?
This will damage the ovum permanently
168
What kind of nutrition does the ovum and embryo prefer?
Glucose and amino acids
169
How long does an ovary last if they do not get fertilized?
21 days
170
What does it mean "flushing ewes" ? How does this help with fertility?
Increase energy by adding grain to the feed 1-2 weeks before breeding
Increases the number of ovulations - increases chance of twins/triplets
171
If there is high BUN concentrations in dairy cows what happens to infertility? What in a diet may cause high BUN?
It decreases
Excess rumen degradable protein
172
Which type of fat is anti-inflammatory and where do cows get it from? What about pro-inflammatory?
Anti-inflammatory: Omega n3 (get it from forages)
Pro-inflammatory: Omega n6 (get it from corn)
173
Where does the yellow color of the CL come from?
Beta Carotene
174
Where do bulls store fat which will decrease their infertility?
Pampiniform plexus
175
If a cow is pregnant and is restricted feed for 26 prior to weaning, what happens to an offspring bull?
Delayed puberty and reduced testicle size
176
(T/F) Yearling bulls from 1st calf heifers had smaller scrotums
True
177
What happens if a bull has zinc deficiency?
They have reduced testicle size
178
How long does it take a cow to go from an all forage ration to a high grain ration?
2-6 weeks for a full transition
179
What are some of the stressors for weaned calves?
Weaning, castration, dehorning, vaccination
180
What two hormones are released when a calf is stressed?
Epinephrine and cortisol
181
Diets are ____ (good, bad) at having copper and zinc in them and ____ (good, bad) at having selenium in them.
Good, bad (meaning deficient)
182
A stressed calf is going to eat more of a concentrate or hay diet?
Concentrate diet
183
How long does it take for calves to reach a normal feed intake after weaning?
21 days
184
What is the three step plan that happens during receiving period?
First 24 hours - get rumen working
First week- Start ration transition
2-4 weeks- finalize ration transition
185
(T/F) Hay based diets have a lower mortality/morbidity while concentrates increase their sickness and death rates.
True
186
How much protein should the receiving diet be?
14-18% protein (with 20% being the highest)
187
Which trace elements being deficient were associated with increased disease in weaned calves? How much should you supplement?
Zinc (75-100ppm)
Copper (10-20ppm)
Selenium (0.3ppm)
188
How long should a bunk be empty when you are feeding recently weaned calves?
15-30 min/day
189
Where is the best place to have a water system with weaned calves?
Near feed bunk on the periphery of the fence
190
Why is tall fescue called wonder grass?
It resists: overgrazing, poor soils, drought, mismanagement, and has a long growing season
191
Why would a fescue have an endophyte fungus?
Fungus produces multiple compounds that help the plant
Produces compounds that affect ruminants in a bad way
192
What is the toxin most abundant in tall fescue?
Ergovaline
193
Where does the fungus transfer itself?
Transfers by a seed
194
You can find ergot compounds in the ____ (rumen, urine, both).
Urine, cannot find it in the rumen
195
Ergot alkaloid interacts with what hormones?
Dopamine and possibly serotonin and norepinephrine
196
What are the clinical symptoms of summer slump?
Increased resp rate, rectal temp, time in shade (less time grazing), salivation, nervousness
Poor hair coat
Fescue foot
197
What 4 management strategies can a producer take to decrease summer slump?
Avoid high concentrations of toxin
Dilute toxin (example - clover)
Remove the endophyte (fungus is stored in seed for 1-2 years)
Give the cattle a drug (another question about this)
198
What kind of drugs do you want to give as a management strategy to prevent summer slump?
TBZ and ivermectin
Could also give thiamine
199
How long does it take to renovate a pasture?
About a year
200
What are the two types of bloat? Describe them.
Free gas: can't eructate filled with gas
Frothy: Rumen full of suds/ tiny bubbles caught in rumen fluid
201
(T/F) Harvested legumes are more likely to cause bloat than pasture legumes
False, other way around
202
Are older or younger animals higher at risk of bloat?
Younger
203
What are the 4 reasons for secondary bloat?
Choke, external obstruction of esophagus, vagal indigestion, hardware disease
204
What are the clinical signs of a bloat?
Sudden death, ruminal distension L paralumbar fossa, dyspnea, open mouth breathing, salivation (not swallowing)
205
What are the two diagnostics/therapy for bloat?
Rumen trocarization and rumen tubing
206
What are some preventative management for bloat?
Feed hay prior to grazing pasture
Adapt to pasture slowly
Restrict grazing time
Harvest the feed
Bloat blocks (Poloxalene)
207
(T/F) Only maintenance food requirements are needed for production animals to ingest.
False
208
How do you find a production’s animal nutrient requirements?
Maintenance + estimated requirements for production and environmental factors
209
What are the nutrient requirements based on?
On the average of the population
210
What determines maintenance? (three things)
Weight, sex, type (dairy vs beef)
211
Which one has a higher maintenance requirement - Dairy, beef, bos indicus?
Dairy (by 20%)
212
Which sex needs a higher requirement and why?
Bulls - body composition (more muscle) and hormones
213
What are the three factors to add above maintenance?
Physiologic state, environment, activity
214
Which one has a higher maintenance requirement - Lactation, gestation, growth?
Lactation (200-400) followed by growth (0-150)
215
Which one has a higher maintenance requirement - Grazing or penned?
Grazing
216
(T/F) Less energy needed to maintain a pound of fat vs a pound of muscle.
True
217
A temperature where no energy has to be used to regulate their body temperature is called.
Thermo-neutral zone
218
How does the cow convert grass and hay into nutrients for metabolism?
Microbiome (FA and microbial proteins)
219
Which way does the cow get glucose in its bloodstream?
Via gluconeogenesis through propionate
220
In which diets does glucose escape in the rumen?
High grain diets in feedlot or high producing dairy cow rations
221
(T/F) Ketones are an energy source and a glucose source.
False
222
What is acetate mainly used for?
Fat precursor
223
What is butyrate mainly used for?
Fuel for rumen and Large intestine epithelia
224
Do cattle have a relatively high or low insulin activity and blood glucose?
Low
225
What are the two insulin dependent tissues?
Mammary gland and fetus
226
What stimulates the release of amino acids from muscle to aid in gluconeogenesis?
Corticosteroids
227
What do we measure with a body condition score?
"Tissue energy” - fat vs muscle
228
(T/F) Adipose requires a lot of energy.
False
229
What is the relationship between back fat and ribeye to BCS?
The lines to not follow each other - inversely related
230
What organism does a high protein diet favor?
Proteolytic organism
231
What organism does a high fiber diet favor?
Cellulolytic organism (slower growing)
232
What organism does a high starch diet favor?
Starch utilizers (amylolytic)
233
Absorption is faster with unionized/undissociated or ionized/dissociated diets?
Unionized/undissociated
234
Why does the pH tend to increase if given poor quality roughages or prolonged anorexia?
Lack of VFA production (less acid)
Protein breakdown (more bases)
Continued ingestion of saliva
235
What is the normal rumen pH? What if we give poor quality forages?
Normal: 6-7
Poor quality: 7-7.5
236
When the pH decreases in the rumen there will be more (unionized/ionized) molecules.
Unionized
237
(T/F) Motility is impaired as the pH goes down
True
238
What is caused by an abrupt change in the ration?
Imbalance of microflora and fermentation products
239
Why would we see diarrhea a couple of days after a simple indigestion happens in a cow?
Food takes 3-5 days to go from the mouth to the rectum - usually it is a self correcting problem
240
What are the five causative agents of a simple indigestion case?
Increase of high quality feed
Moldy or overheated feeds
Frosted forages
Partially fermented silages
Spoiled silages
241
In a simple indigestion case, as the pH decreases, more VFA will shift to ___ (unionized, ionized) state.
Unionized
242
What will happen as the concentrations of unionized acids increase in the rumen?
Rumen will be hypermotile at first and eventually will lead to stasis this will allow for absorption of the acids and self correction
243
What is the acid that will be at higher concentrations with a rumen acidosis?
Lactic acid
244
What pH is needed to be considered an acidotic rumen? What happens at this level?
5-5.5
Protozoa are killed and lactate users are also killed with the rapid pH change
245
What bacteria will increase with lactate production and at what pH are they killed?
Strep. bovis
pH of 4.5
246
Which bacteria will resist lactic acid?
Lactobacillus spp. (will continue to produce lactic acid)
247
What are the systemic effects of an acidic rumen?
Rumen osmolality increases - draws fluid into the rumen
Systemic results in dehydration
248
Which organ will be the most affected by an acidic rumen if it gets bad enough?
Liver- bacterial translocation and can cause liver abscess
249
Which lactate is produced by the animal tissues only?
L lactate
250
Which lactate degrades slowly and does not appear in the tissue?
D lactate
251
What are the consequences with chronic acidosis?
Damage to rumen mucosa (parakeratosis, decrease absorption capacity)
Liver damage secondary to bacterial showers (liver abscess)
Laminitis
252
What can you feed to a feedlot to minimize the risk of liver abscess?
Tylan
253
What kind of fluids do you need to use to treat acute acidosis? What two antibiotics could be used?
IV isotonic Na bicarb (10% BW) or hypertonic Na bicarb
Penicillin or Tetracycline
254
(T/F) Protein:fat inversion in the milk may indicate rumen acidosis
True
255
(T/F) Excess of unsaturated fatty acids in the diet may depress milk fat
True
256
What is the clinical presentation of a hypocalcemic cow?
Parturient paresis in dairy cows
257
Where in the body are the calcium reserves that are utilized to get Ca demands?
Plasma pool
Extracellular pool
Bone pool
258
How does the cow control Ca absoprtion in the small intestine?
Ca binding protein (stimulated by vit D) increases absorption - 10-50% is absorbed
259
Which types of breeds have a higher incidence for hypocalcemia?
Jerseys/Guernseys
259
How does the cow control Ca from the kidney?
May conserve Ca - promotes resorption PTH
259
How does the cow control Ca from the bone?
Osteoclast (resorption) and osteoblasts (bone formation) - resorption by PTH
259
PTH will ____ (increase/decrease) at calving
Increase
259
When would the higher incidence of hypocalcemia happens in cow?
Within 24 hours of calving
259
(T/F) First time calving heifers have a higher incidence of hypocalcemia than older cows.
False, Increased incidence with age, rare in first calf heifers
260
What are the earlier signs of hypocalcemia?
Mild excitement, tetany, tachycardia, hyperthermia
Lasts less than 1 hour (stage 1 or 1 and 2)
261
What are the mid signs of hypocalcemia?
Sternal recumbency, depression, flaccid paralysis, tachycardia, hypothermia, cold extremities, atonic rumen, bloat, constipation, dilated pupils
262
What are the late signs of hypocalcemia?
Comatose
Most will die without treatment
263
What are other clinical pathology results that happen with a hypocalcemic case?
Hypophosphatemia, Hypermagnesemia, Hyperglycemia
264
What can happen if you give calcium IV fast in a patient with hypocalcemia?
Fatal arrhythmias - could die
265
(T/F) Even if a cow is standing you should give IV calcium to them if they are hypocalcemic.
Nah, he doesn't like doing that cause he saw a cow die
266
What diets should be avoided to prevent hypocalcemia?
Avoid high K diets in dry period and acidic diets in dry period
267
Out of the two, which one needs to be given to help a cow with hypophosphatemia (Phosphite or Phosphate)?
Phosphate
268
(T/F) Cows can't regulate magnesium well which means they require to get it from their diet.
True
269
What are the two conditions a cow gets with hypomagnesemia? When do they occur?
Winter tetany (late gestation/early lactation)
Grass tetany (lactating cows on lush)
270
What type of beef cattle is more at risk of getting hypomagnesemia?
Angus > Brahma
271
What can interfere with magnesium absorption?
Potassium (fertilization)
272
(T/F) Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause a decrease in plasma Mg
True
273
What can only be the only sign of hypomagnesemia?
Acute death after a history of stress
274
Out of the hypomagnesemia syndromes, which is described with belligerent, ataxic, muscle tremors, protrusions of nictitans membranes, salivation, seizures, urination?
Grass tetany
275
Out of the hypomagnesemia syndromes, which is describe with alert down cow, that wants to stand up?
Winter tetany
276
What are the elements that always dissociate (ionize) in water, are easily absorbed/digested?
Na, K, Cl
277
What are the elements that can be ionized or bound to other substances?
Ca, Mg, P, S
278
Which elements are the cations and which are the anions?
Cations: Na, K, Ca, Mg
Anions: Cl, P, S
279
Correctly connect which one goes with which.
MgCl, MgSO4, MgOH
Cathartic vs Alkalinizer vs Acidifier
MgCl - Acidifier
MgSO4 - Cathartic
MgOH - Alkalinizer
280
What elements do we want to feed a cow that is acidic?
Strong Cations
281
282
What is the function of selenium?
Antioxidant - protects the cell from peroxides/oxidative action
Found in sperm midpiece
Converts T4-T3
283
White muscle disease/Nutritional myopathy is what kind of deficiency?
Selenium (+/- Vit. E)
284
What are the susceptible muscle groups that get affected with white muscle disease? (4)
Diaphragm, heart, tongue, skeletal muscle
285
(T/F) The FDA does not regulate selenium intake because it has not shown to cause any issues when eaten in lots of amounts.
False - it is regulated by the FDA and is not able to be fed in large amounts
286
What samples can be used to assess the amount of selenium in the body?
Blood selenium (use purple top)
Serum or plasma selenium
Liver selenium
287
What are the classic syndrome with copper toxicity? (2-3)
Achromotrichia
Swayback in lambs
Aortic rupture in turkeys
288
A high diet in what minerals will decrease the amount of copper absorption?
Sulfur and Iron
289
Where is copper stored in the body?
Liver
290
What samples can be used to assess the amount of copper in the body?
Liver copper (recommended)
Serum Copper (red top)
291
What is the main function of zinc?
Conversion of beta carotene to vitamin A
292
What mineral deficiency has parakeratosis, impaired immune function and reproductive inefficiency?
Zinc
293
(T/F) Zinc will decrease with stress.
False- will increase with stress
294
In order of absorption, what are the different forms of minerals? (from worst to best)
Oxides < Sulfate < Organic
295
What is the animal form of Vit. A?
Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
296
Where is Vit. A stored and for how long?
Liver 4-6 months
297
Out of these animals who has the best to worst conversion rate of Beta carotene? (Sheep, beef cows/holsteins, Jerseys/Guernsey)
Jersey/Guernsey
Sheep (highest conversion)>Beef cows/holsteins>Jerseys/Guernsey
298
What are the plant form and animal form of Vitamin D?
Ergocalciferol
Cholecalciferol
299
Vitamine E deficiency causes what?
Myopathy, hemolysis, muscle damage
300
(T/F) Vitamin E is not transferred through the placenta so colostrum deprived calves need Vit. E.
True
301
What are some clinical signs of thiamine B1 deficiency?
Blindness (pupil reflex normal), convulsions, opisthotonus (star gazing), down or dead
302
Where does the cow get thiamine from?
Rumen microbes, brewer's yeast, green plants (he said in lecture that forages have thiamine)
303
Who are at higher risk in getting polioencephalomalacia?
Young suckling cattle
Cattle on concentrate diet
When there is change in weather
304
How can you differentiate thiamine deficiency polio vs high sulfate polio?
If you give the treatment (thiamine IV) there will be no response if it is a high sulfate polio
305
When is it common to give cyanocobalamin B12 to cows?
When they are off feed
306
What are the determinants of dry matter intake in lactating cows?
Water intake
Milk production
Cow size
Ambient temp
Moisture content of ration
Bovine somatotropin
