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FA Nutrition > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Which is the only fatty acid that can drive the conversion of glucose and lactose production?

A

Proprionate

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2
Q

Can acetate and butyrate also produce glucose and lactose?

A

No

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3
Q

What will amino acids get broken down into?

A

Ammonia and Urea

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4
Q

What organ will make urea from ammonia?

A

Liver

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5
Q

Why do ruminants need a lower protein diet than dogs?

A

They are able to reuse urea

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6
Q

What is the best source of lysine in a ruminants diet?

A

Rumen bacteria

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7
Q

Why is lysine such an important amino acid?

A

Body can’t make enough of it (limiting amino acid)

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8
Q

Which fatty acid is the fat precursor?

A

Acetate

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9
Q

What does butyrate get converted into?

A

Beta hydroxy butyurate (ketone body)

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10
Q

What is the physical difference between unsaturated vs. saturated?

A

Unsaturated - liquid, saturated - solid

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11
Q

What type of lipids are mostly in the rumen and why?

A

Saturated - because rumen will saturate all fatty acids

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12
Q

What can impede microbes in the rumen?

A

Too much fat (>6%)

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13
Q

What do you make when you mix ash with fat?

A

Soap

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14
Q

Which are the most common feeds for production livestock?

A

Pasture forages and rangeland

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15
Q

What do hogs and chickens eat that is not that expensive?

A

Corn and soybean meal

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16
Q

What is the high feeds given to freeyard cattle and lambs with the protein supplement?

A

Corn, milo, corn silage, soybean meal minimal forage

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17
Q

When should you give a vitamin-mineral supplement?

A

Year round

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18
Q

Which species likes to browse most of the time?

A

Goats

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19
Q

Cattle are primary what (in dealing with eating food)?

A

Grazers of grasses and legumes

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20
Q

What is the relationship between quantity and quality of plant harvest?

A

Inverse - quality will decrease as yield increases

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21
Q

Why will sheep get more parasites than cattle or sheep?

A

They graze close to the ground

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22
Q

What do ruminants at rest do?

A

Chew cud

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23
Q

If the ruminant is not grazing what should they be doing?

A

Ruminating

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24
Q

Does grazing behavior change with heat stress? What increases the risk of?

A

Yes - concentrate the eating part
This increases the risk of bloat

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25
Q

What is the most important information of forage analysis and can you get it from the analysis?

A

Calories and no most of it is estimation

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26
Q

How accurate is the estimation of calories (energy)?

A

Not very accurate

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27
Q

What are the harmful parts of the plant secondary metabolites?

A

Nitrates, Cyanogenic glycosides, phytate

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28
Q

What are the benefits of the plant secondary metabolites?

A

Tannins, essential oils

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29
Q

What are the beneficial and harmful effects of plant secondary metabolites?

A

Saponins

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30
Q

What do saponins predispose to that is harmful to the ruminant?

A

Enhances bloat

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31
Q

Why is phytate harmful?

A

Binds to phosphorous and breaks it down in the rumen

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32
Q

What are the factors that influence productivity?

A

Precipitation, temperature, soil characteristics

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33
Q

What is it called when compacted soils have reduced water holding capacity and infiltration?

A

Bulk density

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34
Q

What are the nutrients that are most important for grass to grow?

A

Water and nitrogen

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35
Q

What do fertilizers have to make grass grow?

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

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36
Q

What is needed to have better water retention and supply nutrients to a plant?

A

Higher Carbon

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37
Q

What does spring fertilizer promote?

A

Grass growth - more hay

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38
Q

What does fall fertilizer promote?

A

Root growth - better pasture

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39
Q

What are the major plants in the planet?

A

Cool season plants

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40
Q

When are warm season plants more efficient?

A

Limited water, temp >90

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41
Q

Which grass has a higher protein and what enzyme does it have?

A

Cool season - Rubisco

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42
Q

(T/F) Most of our pasture are not native and they must be managed, they are called rangelands.

A

False (They are called forages or pastureland)

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43
Q

Does one forage meet year round needs?

A

No (either two humps - cool or just one - warm)

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44
Q

How do we measure how much grass to provide a cow?

A

Animal unit

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45
Q

What is the equivalent to one animal unit?

A

1000 lbs of mature cow, above average milking, with a calf less than 3 months

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46
Q

Which one is better for growth, picking and choosing or give them all they need?

A

Picking and choosing

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47
Q

What did the old way (Dominant system) entail?

A

One pasture - 75% utilization

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48
Q

What grazing method do we use most commonly now?

A

8 Paddock

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49
Q

How long should the pasture rest?

A

14 days

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50
Q

What are the limitations for the 8 paddock method?

A

Fence and provision of water

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51
Q

Which method is described as calves going through fences and eating all the good grass while mom eats what is left?

A

Creep grazing

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52
Q

Which method is described as having a large amount of calves and then selling them after spring flush of growth?

A

Put and take

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53
Q

Is pasture good enough for cows?

A

For the most part yes

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54
Q

When soil is low in nitrogen, what plant predominates? There is a higher risk of what tho?

A

Clover
Bloat

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55
Q

What is the problem with turning cattle from dry hay to lush pasture?

A

The nutrients will run through them

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56
Q

What 4 properties does lush pasture have?

A

High soluble protein, high potassium, low dry matter, low fiber

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57
Q

The substance in certain legumes that has potential in helping with parasite control is called what?

A

Tannin

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58
Q

How long should fescue be grazed down in late July-August?

A

2 inches

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59
Q

When do you want to let the cows start grazing?

A

Thanksgiving

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60
Q

(T/F) Part of grazing behavior is learned.

A

True

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61
Q

What is an alternative to hay rings?

A

Bale grazing

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62
Q

What is a more efficient way in getting cows to eat hay?

A

You limit feed on hay pads (give access for 6-8 hours)

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63
Q

What food will be cheaper than hay in some instances?

A

Corn

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64
Q

Why does fresh spring grasses runs through the cattle instead of being absorbed?

A

High soluble protein, High potassium
Low dry matter, low fibers

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65
Q

How does colostrum differ from milk?

A

Colostrum - nutrient dense, immunoglobulins, hormones, fat soluble vitamins, less glucose and lactose, less water

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66
Q

When does the gut close to IgG?

A

24 hours

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67
Q

How much do you want to feed the calf colostrum in first 24 hours?

A

10% of their body weight

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68
Q

If we freeze the colostrum, what will be the nutrient that will be lost?

A

Colostral lymphocytes, decrease IgG content

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69
Q

Is mom going to get more/less immunocompetent while feeding her calf?

A

Less

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70
Q

When you dethaw colostrum, when should it be given?

A

In 48 hours

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71
Q

What happens if you heat colostrum?

A

Will denature proteins

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72
Q

At what time would you consider the best absorption of colostrum if the calves start suckling?

A

First 6 hours

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73
Q

What environmental factor is associated with decreased calf IgG and absorptive capacity?

A

Extreme cold or heat

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74
Q

(T/F) Colostrum replacers are as good as mom in some cases.

A

False - it is really hard to beat mom

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75
Q

Which types of calves require more milk on a daily basis?

A

Beef > Dairy

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76
Q

Which species would you prefer to use as a milk replacement in most cases, why?

A

Lamb milk - the most fat out of all of them

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77
Q

Which micromineral is the most abundant in milk (apart from calcium)?

A

Potassium

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78
Q

Which milk is considered waste milk?

A

Transition milk (first 72-96 hours) or mastitic milk

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79
Q

In dairy cattle, when do you want to take the calf from mom?

A

At birth

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80
Q

What are the pros of mastitic milk?

A

Inexpensive, contains IgG relative to the farm

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81
Q

Why would we not feed mastitic milk to humans?

A

Poor quality, antibiotic residue, “gross” milk

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82
Q

(T/F) Milk replacers are whole milk.

A

False

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83
Q

Between which weeks do we want to start to give high quality milk or replacer?

A

1-3 weeks

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84
Q

Between which weeks can we give lower quality replacer milk?

A

> 3 weeks

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85
Q

What do we provide milk for and contrary to what do we provide grain for to a calf?

A

Milk: maintenance, grain: growth

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86
Q

When do you want to provide a cow starter diet?

A

First week

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87
Q

When do you want to start adding hay to feed?

A

Until weaning

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88
Q

Rumen is enhanced by hay/grain.

A

Grain

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89
Q

How much grain should the calves be eating when we cut the milk in half?

A

2-4 lbs/day

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90
Q

Lifetime production is maximized in heifers that calf starting at what age?

A

24 months

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91
Q

By what time do we want to get heifers pregnant?

A

14-15 months

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92
Q

What do we want to add to the calf starter feed to transition the calves from monogastric to ruminant?

A

Legumes or grass hay

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93
Q

Is it easy to mix hay and grain?

A

No, we can figure out how much grain is in but cannot monitor hay

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94
Q

During 6 months until breeding what should the diet consist of?

A

Forages, corn silage should be half of forage intake and concentrate depending on forage quality

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95
Q

When should you transition into lactation diets?

A

1-2 months prior to parturition

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96
Q

What are the three ways of measuring body weight?

A

Scales, weight tapes, hipometer

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97
Q

How long before parturition should cows eat lactation diets to adapt rumen? What is this called?

A

1-2 months
Lead feeding

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98
Q

What are the differences between raising a beef vs dairy calf (from birth to harvest/calving)?

A

Dairy: Feed grain 2 months-24 months
Beef: Forage (pasture/hay) based diet, feed supplements 7months-13 months

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99
Q

When are most beef cattle weaned?

A

6-8months

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100
Q

(T/F) Calves that are offered creep feed tend to have higher weaning weights.

A

T

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101
Q

(T/F) Calves will prefer creep feed over their moms milk.

A

False - they will still prefer their mothers milk if given the chance

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102
Q

When do we want heifers to start calving? Get pregnant? Reach puberty?

A

Calving - 2 years
Pregnant - 14- 15 months
Puberty - A little before 14 months

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103
Q

What are the three factors that affect a heifers puberty timeline?

A

Age, growth rate, body weight

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104
Q

What should the goal of a heifer be for a mature breeding weight?

A

They should be 55-65% mature weights

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105
Q

What kind of diet is given to feedlot ruminants? What this predisposes to?

A

Feed a high grain low forage ration - high risk for acidosis

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106
Q

What is the largest cash expense of most beef producers?

A

Supplemental feed for beef cattle during winter or drought

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107
Q

What are the two decisions that set the nutrient requirement of the beef cow?

A

When you pit a bull in/take out
When do you wean the calves

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108
Q

If a hers BCS is <4 during calving what does that predispose her to?

A

Decrease number of pregnant cows the following breeding season

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109
Q

What BCS do you want your cows to have entering winter with a spring calving?

A

5-6

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110
Q

What do you want to analyze hay for? (3 things)

A

Energy, protein, mineral content

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111
Q

What is the number of days a dairy cow is in a dry period? When is the beginning/end?

A

60 days
Begins when a cow is dried off and ends when she freshens (calves)

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112
Q

How many groups are in a dry off system, describe them.

A

2
Far off - first 5 weeks, close to maintenance ration
Close up - last 3-4 weeks, adapt microbes to lactation ration

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113
Q

What are the two goals for a close up cow diet?

A

Increases nutrient concentration
Adapt the cow (rumen microbes to the lactating cow ration)

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114
Q

(T/F) The first calf heifers will eat less than mature cows.

A

True

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115
Q

What BCS do you want dairy cows to dry off and calve at?

A

Both 3.5 (range 3.25-3.75)

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116
Q

How do producers monitor the dry cow program?

A

Amount of occurrence of fresh cow disease
(milk fever, fat cow syndrome, mastitis)

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117
Q

(T/F) A dry cow not wanting to eat is a big problem and has to be address like yesterday

A

True

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118
Q

When do cows peak milk production?

A

50-70 days in milk

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119
Q

Who gives more milk volume/calories?

A

Older cows

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120
Q

Which one changes in milk, volume or calories?

A

Volume

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121
Q

Which ones always has to be higher in density in milk - fat or protein? If it is the other way around, what does this mean?

A

Fat
Other way - it means there is not enough fiber in the feed and there is a risk for acidosis

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122
Q

What is the largest factor in negative energy balance?

A

Calories coming in

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123
Q

What are the goals with an early lactation diet?

A

Minimize the negative energy balance (main one) and minimize nutritional related diseases

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124
Q

What are some of the variables we can change to make sure cows eat more to minimize their NEB?

A

Transition management, cow comfort, cow health, available water, forage quality, feed bunk management

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125
Q

What does the lactating dairy cow need in her ration?

A

Carbs, fiber minerals, fat, water, minerals

126
Q

(T/F) Cows standing up for long periods of time increase the blood flow to the udder because of gravity.

A

False, laying down and resting increases blood flow to the udder

127
Q

What three things influence water intake in dairy cow during lactation?

A

Body weight, lactation, ambient temperature

128
Q

What the rumen bacteria prefer, dry vs wet feed?

A

Wet - easier to break down

129
Q

In a feed analysis how is fiber measured?

A

NDF or ADF

130
Q

Of NDF vs NSC/NFC, which one measures cell wall and which one measures cell content? What are their main source?

A

NDF (fiber) - cell wall most common source hay
NSC/NFC (carbs) - cell contents most common source grain

131
Q

Forages will favor ___ (acetate/propionate/butyrate) production while concentrates will favor ____ (acetate/propionate/butyrate).

A

Acetate
Propionate

132
Q

If we want to produce more pounds of milk we need to feed what? How about more fat in the milk?

A

More pounds: Add grain in diet
More fat in milk: Add fiber

133
Q

Soluble fibers are fermented rapidly which will ___ (lower/increase) the risk for acidosis and it will ___ (promote/decrease) cud chewing

A

lower, decrease

134
Q

(T/F) Fiber is a required nutrient and cows can die if they are deficient.

A

False - not required

135
Q

What does an ADF of <18% mean in the diet?

A

Too much grain and rumen acidosis can occur

136
Q

What are the ADF and NDF percentages that we need in lactation rations (Fiber guidelines)?

A

ADF 19-24%
NDF 28-36%

137
Q

Why is phosphorous so important for rumen health?

A

Phosphorous will let bacteria grow

138
Q

What would happen if we add too much fat (>7-8%) or unsaturated fat (>3.5) in the feed? How much fat does forage and grain contain?

A

Depresses the the microbial digestion of fiber
Should be 3% of fat

139
Q

What type of protein is unable to be degraded in the rumen? What happens to it?

A

Undegradable (bypass) protein
Either utilized in the small intestine or lost in feces

140
Q

What does urea get broken down to in the rumen?

A

NH3

141
Q

What is the best source of protein for a cow?

A

Bacterial protein

142
Q

What two minerals deficiencies will limit milk production?

A

Calcium and phosphorous

143
Q

What vitamins are supplemented in the feed and which are made by the bacteria in the rumen?

A

Added: Na Bicarb
Made: Vit C, Vit B, Thiamine

144
Q

Why do we want to do lead feeding during dry period?

A

Adapting the bugs to new diet
Enhances rumen papillae

145
Q

(T/F) If water intake is limited, dry matter intake will decrease

A

True

146
Q

(T/F) Bovine Somatotropin will decrease dry matter intake.

A

False - increase

147
Q

What is the most common type of feeding system in dairy cattle?

A

Total mixed ration (TMR)

148
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of TMR?

A

Adv: Cows receive a balanced ratio, cannot segregate feeds (hopefully)
Disadv: Some ingredients do not mix well

149
Q

Which is an individual feeding system? What is its disadvantage?

A

Tie stall barns
Disadvantage: Labor instensive

150
Q

What is slug feeding and what can it lead to?

A

Feeding high amounts of grain to high producing cows while they milk
Risk of acidosis

151
Q

How much should you balance higher than average if you want to increase production in feed requirements?

A

5-10lbs higher

152
Q

Out of these three feed bunk management rations, which one is the most important?

  1. The ration on paper
  2. The ration that is fed
  3. The ration that the cow consumes
A
  1. The ration that the cow consumes
153
Q

How many waterers per cow?

A

1 waterer per 25-30 cows

154
Q

How long do you want to provide feed for?

A

22-24 hours per day

155
Q

What is rBST? Is it legal to add in feed?

A

Recombinant bovine somatotropin - growth hormone
It is legal to add but major dairy cooperatives will not buy milk from rBST cows

156
Q

What does it mean to have a nutrient management program?

A

How much phosphorous and nitrogen are bringing in and how they will manage it afterwards

157
Q

How much is one BCS in pounds?

A

1 BCS = 125-175 lbs

158
Q

What are the ideal BCS of dairy cows in the freshening stage, peak lactation, late lactation?

A

Freshening stage - 3.0-3.5
Peak lactation - 2.0 - 3.5
Late lactation - 3.0-3.5

159
Q

If you can see a V in line from hooks to thurl to pins what is the BCS? What if you can see a U?

A

V <3
U >3.25

160
Q

Bringing a bull in or take it out will tell you when what time period begins for a dairy cattle?

A

Voluntary waiting period

161
Q

(T/F) Cows have follicular waves before they hit puberty

A

True

162
Q

What variables will help to make a cow resume cycling?

A

Day length, presence of male, adiposity or leptin, hypothalamic-gonadal axis, gut, suckling response

163
Q

(T/F) Higher concentrations of IGF will delay puberty

A

False - low levels of IGF will delay puberty

164
Q

What do ionophores do for a heifer?

A

They decrease the age of puberty independent of weight

165
Q

Is it easy to stop a cow from going into a heat cycle?

A

No - once they start going it is really hard to stop them (would have to starve them)

166
Q

Why would a mastitic cow not show estrus in 30 days?

A

Inflammation releases prostaglandins and bacteria releases endotoxins

167
Q

If the cow has a NEB after calving, how will that affect the ovum?

A

This will damage the ovum permanently

168
Q

What kind of nutrition does the ovum and embryo prefer?

A

Glucose and amino acids

169
Q

How long does an ovary last if they do not get fertilized?

A

21 days

170
Q

What does it mean “flushing ewes” ? How does this help with fertility?

A

Increase energy by adding grain to the feed 1-2 weeks before breeding
Increases the number of ovulations - increases chance of twins/triplets

171
Q

If there is high BUN concentrations in dairy cows what happens to infertility? What in a diet may cause high BUN?

A

It decreases
Excess rumen degradable protein

172
Q

Which type of fat is anti-inflammatory and where do cows get it from? What about pro-inflammatory?

A

Anti-inflammatory: Omega n3 (get it from forages)
Pro-inflammatory: Omega n6 (get it from corn)

173
Q

Where does the yellow color of the CL come from?

A

Beta Carotene

174
Q

Where do bulls store fat which will decrease their infertility?

A

Pampiniform plexus

175
Q

If a cow is pregnant and is restricted feed for 26 prior to weaning, what happens to an offspring bull?

A

Delayed puberty and reduced testicle size

176
Q

(T/F) Yearling bulls from 1st calf heifers had smaller scrotums

A

True

177
Q

What happens if a bull has zinc deficiency?

A

They have reduced testicle size

178
Q

How long does it take a cow to go from an all forage ration to a high grain ration?

A

2-6 weeks for a full transition

179
Q

What are some of the stressors for weaned calves?

A

Weaning, castration, dehorning, vaccination

180
Q

What two hormones are released when a calf is stressed?

A

Epinephrine and cortisol

181
Q

Diets are ____ (good, bad) at having copper and zinc in them and ____ (good, bad) at having selenium in them.

A

Good, bad (meaning deficient)

182
Q

A stressed calf is going to eat more of a concentrate or hay diet?

A

Concentrate diet

183
Q

How long does it take for calves to reach a normal feed intake after weaning?

A

21 days

184
Q

What is the three step plan that happens during receiving period?

A

First 24 hours - get rumen working
First week- Start ration transition
2-4 weeks- finalize ration transition

185
Q

(T/F) Hay based diets have a lower mortality/morbidity while concentrates increase their sickness and death rates.

A

True

186
Q

How much protein should the receiving diet be?

A

14-18% protein (with 20% being the highest)

187
Q

Which trace elements being deficient were associated with increased disease in weaned calves? How much should you supplement?

A

Zinc (75-100ppm)
Copper (10-20ppm)
Selenium (0.3ppm)

188
Q

How long should a bunk be empty when you are feeding recently weaned calves?

A

15-30 min/day

189
Q

Where is the best place to have a water system with weaned calves?

A

Near feed bunk on the periphery of the fence

190
Q

Why is tall fescue called wonder grass?

A

It resists: overgrazing, poor soils, drought, mismanagement, and has a long growing season

191
Q

Why would a fescue have an endophyte fungus?

A

Fungus produces multiple compounds that help the plant
Produces compounds that affect ruminants in a bad way

192
Q

What is the toxin most abundant in tall fescue?

A

Ergovaline

193
Q

Where does the fungus transfer itself?

A

Transfers by a seed

194
Q

You can find ergot compounds in the ____ (rumen, urine, both).

A

Urine, cannot find it in the rumen

195
Q

Ergot alkaloid interacts with what hormones?

A

Dopamine and possibly serotonin and norepinephrine

196
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of summer slump?

A

Increased resp rate, rectal temp, time in shade (less time grazing), salivation, nervousness
Poor hair coat
Fescue foot

197
Q

What 4 management strategies can a producer take to decrease summer slump?

A

Avoid high concentrations of toxin
Dilute toxin (example - clover)
Remove the endophyte (fungus is stored in seed for 1-2 years)
Give the cattle a drug (another question about this)

198
Q

What kind of drugs do you want to give as a management strategy to prevent summer slump?

A

TBZ and ivermectin
Could also give thiamine

199
Q

How long does it take to renovate a pasture?

A

About a year

200
Q

What are the two types of bloat? Describe them.

A

Free gas: can’t eructate filled with gas
Frothy: Rumen full of suds/ tiny bubbles caught in rumen fluid

201
Q

(T/F) Harvested legumes are more likely to cause bloat than pasture legumes

A

False, other way around

202
Q

Are older or younger animals higher at risk of bloat?

A

Younger

203
Q

What are the 4 reasons for secondary bloat?

A

Choke, external obstruction of esophagus, vagal indigestion, hardware disease

204
Q

What are the clinical signs of a bloat?

A

Sudden death, ruminal distension L paralumbar fossa, dyspnea, open mouth breathing, salivation (not swallowing)

205
Q

What are the two diagnostics/therapy for bloat?

A

Rumen trocarization and rumen tubing

206
Q

What are some preventative management for bloat?

A

Feed hay prior to grazing pasture
Adapt to pasture slowly
Restrict grazing time
Harvest the feed
Bloat blocks (Poloxalene)

207
Q

(T/F) Only maintenance food requirements are needed for production animals to ingest.

A

False

208
Q

How do you find a production’s animal nutrient requirements?

A

Maintenance + estimated requirements for production and environmental factors

209
Q

What are the nutrient requirements based on?

A

On the average of the population

210
Q

What determines maintenance? (three things)

A

Weight, sex, type (dairy vs beef)

211
Q

Which one has a higher maintenance requirement - Dairy, beef, bos indicus?

A

Dairy (by 20%)

212
Q

Which sex needs a higher requirement and why?

A

Bulls - body composition (more muscle) and hormones

213
Q

What are the three factors to add above maintenance?

A

Physiologic state, environment, activity

214
Q

Which one has a higher maintenance requirement - Lactation, gestation, growth?

A

Lactation (200-400) followed by growth (0-150)

215
Q

Which one has a higher maintenance requirement - Grazing or penned?

A

Grazing

216
Q

(T/F) Less energy needed to maintain a pound of fat vs a pound of muscle.

A

True

217
Q

A temperature where no energy has to be used to regulate their body temperature is called.

A

Thermo-neutral zone

218
Q

How does the cow convert grass and hay into nutrients for metabolism?

A

Microbiome (FA and microbial proteins)

219
Q

Which way does the cow get glucose in its bloodstream?

A

Via gluconeogenesis through propionate

220
Q

In which diets does glucose escape in the rumen?

A

High grain diets in feedlot or high producing dairy cow rations

221
Q

(T/F) Ketones are an energy source and a glucose source.

A

False

222
Q

What is acetate mainly used for?

A

Fat precursor

223
Q

What is butyrate mainly used for?

A

Fuel for rumen and Large intestine epithelia

224
Q

Do cattle have a relatively high or low insulin activity and blood glucose?

A

Low

225
Q

What are the two insulin dependent tissues?

A

Mammary gland and fetus

226
Q

What stimulates the release of amino acids from muscle to aid in gluconeogenesis?

A

Corticosteroids

227
Q

What do we measure with a body condition score?

A

“Tissue energy” - fat vs muscle

228
Q

(T/F) Adipose requires a lot of energy.

A

False

229
Q

What is the relationship between back fat and ribeye to BCS?

A

The lines to not follow each other - inversely related

230
Q

What organism does a high protein diet favor?

A

Proteolytic organism

231
Q

What organism does a high fiber diet favor?

A

Cellulolytic organism (slower growing)

232
Q

What organism does a high starch diet favor?

A

Starch utilizers (amylolytic)

233
Q

Absorption is faster with unionized/undissociated or ionized/dissociated diets?

A

Unionized/undissociated

234
Q

Why does the pH tend to increase if given poor quality roughages or prolonged anorexia?

A

Lack of VFA production (less acid)
Protein breakdown (more bases)
Continued ingestion of saliva

235
Q

What is the normal rumen pH? What if we give poor quality forages?

A

Normal: 6-7
Poor quality: 7-7.5

236
Q

When the pH decreases in the rumen there will be more (unionized/ionized) molecules.

A

Unionized

237
Q

(T/F) Motility is impaired as the pH goes down

A

True

238
Q

What is caused by an abrupt change in the ration?

A

Imbalance of microflora and fermentation products

239
Q

Why would we see diarrhea a couple of days after a simple indigestion happens in a cow?

A

Food takes 3-5 days to go from the mouth to the rectum - usually it is a self correcting problem

240
Q

What are the five causative agents of a simple indigestion case?

A

Increase of high quality feed
Moldy or overheated feeds
Frosted forages
Partially fermented silages
Spoiled silages

241
Q

In a simple indigestion case, as the pH decreases, more VFA will shift to ___ (unionized, ionized) state.

A

Unionized

242
Q

What will happen as the concentrations of unionized acids increase in the rumen?

A

Rumen will be hypermotile at first and eventually will lead to stasis this will allow for absorption of the acids and self correction

243
Q

What is the acid that will be at higher concentrations with a rumen acidosis?

A

Lactic acid

244
Q

What pH is needed to be considered an acidotic rumen? What happens at this level?

A

5-5.5
Protozoa are killed and lactate users are also killed with the rapid pH change

245
Q

What bacteria will increase with lactate production and at what pH are they killed?

A

Strep. bovis
pH of 4.5

246
Q

Which bacteria will resist lactic acid?

A

Lactobacillus spp. (will continue to produce lactic acid)

247
Q

What are the systemic effects of an acidic rumen?

A

Rumen osmolality increases - draws fluid into the rumen
Systemic results in dehydration

248
Q

Which organ will be the most affected by an acidic rumen if it gets bad enough?

A

Liver- bacterial translocation and can cause liver abscess

249
Q

Which lactate is produced by the animal tissues only?

A

L lactate

250
Q

Which lactate degrades slowly and does not appear in the tissue?

A

D lactate

251
Q

What are the consequences with chronic acidosis?

A

Damage to rumen mucosa (parakeratosis, decrease absorption capacity)
Liver damage secondary to bacterial showers (liver abscess)
Laminitis

252
Q

What can you feed to a feedlot to minimize the risk of liver abscess?

A

Tylan

253
Q

What kind of fluids do you need to use to treat acute acidosis? What two antibiotics could be used?

A

IV isotonic Na bicarb (10% BW) or hypertonic Na bicarb
Penicillin or Tetracycline

254
Q

(T/F) Protein:fat inversion in the milk may indicate rumen acidosis

A

True

255
Q

(T/F) Excess of unsaturated fatty acids in the diet may depress milk fat

A

True

256
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a hypocalcemic cow?

A

Parturient paresis in dairy cows

257
Q

Where in the body are the calcium reserves that are utilized to get Ca demands?

A

Plasma pool
Extracellular pool
Bone pool

258
Q

How does the cow control Ca absoprtion in the small intestine?

A

Ca binding protein (stimulated by vit D) increases absorption - 10-50% is absorbed

259
Q

Which types of breeds have a higher incidence for hypocalcemia?

A

Jerseys/Guernseys

259
Q

How does the cow control Ca from the kidney?

A

May conserve Ca - promotes resorption PTH

259
Q

How does the cow control Ca from the bone?

A

Osteoclast (resorption) and osteoblasts (bone formation) - resorption by PTH

259
Q

PTH will ____ (increase/decrease) at calving

A

Increase

259
Q

When would the higher incidence of hypocalcemia happens in cow?

A

Within 24 hours of calving

259
Q

(T/F) First time calving heifers have a higher incidence of hypocalcemia than older cows.

A

False, Increased incidence with age, rare in first calf heifers

260
Q

What are the earlier signs of hypocalcemia?

A

Mild excitement, tetany, tachycardia, hyperthermia
Lasts less than 1 hour (stage 1 or 1 and 2)

261
Q

What are the mid signs of hypocalcemia?

A

Sternal recumbency, depression, flaccid paralysis, tachycardia, hypothermia, cold extremities, atonic rumen, bloat, constipation, dilated pupils

262
Q

What are the late signs of hypocalcemia?

A

Comatose
Most will die without treatment

263
Q

What are other clinical pathology results that happen with a hypocalcemic case?

A

Hypophosphatemia, Hypermagnesemia, Hyperglycemia

264
Q

What can happen if you give calcium IV fast in a patient with hypocalcemia?

A

Fatal arrhythmias - could die

265
Q

(T/F) Even if a cow is standing you should give IV calcium to them if they are hypocalcemic.

A

Nah, he doesn’t like doing that cause he saw a cow die

266
Q

What diets should be avoided to prevent hypocalcemia?

A

Avoid high K diets in dry period and acidic diets in dry period

267
Q

Out of the two, which one needs to be given to help a cow with hypophosphatemia (Phosphite or Phosphate)?

A

Phosphate

268
Q

(T/F) Cows can’t regulate magnesium well which means they require to get it from their diet.

A

True

269
Q

What are the two conditions a cow gets with hypomagnesemia? When do they occur?

A

Winter tetany (late gestation/early lactation)
Grass tetany (lactating cows on lush)

270
Q

What type of beef cattle is more at risk of getting hypomagnesemia?

A

Angus > Brahma

271
Q

What can interfere with magnesium absorption?

A

Potassium (fertilization)

272
Q

(T/F) Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause a decrease in plasma Mg

A

True

273
Q

What can only be the only sign of hypomagnesemia?

A

Acute death after a history of stress

274
Q

Out of the hypomagnesemia syndromes, which is described with belligerent, ataxic, muscle tremors, protrusions of nictitans membranes, salivation, seizures, urination?

A

Grass tetany

275
Q

Out of the hypomagnesemia syndromes, which is describe with alert down cow, that wants to stand up?

A

Winter tetany

276
Q

What are the elements that always dissociate (ionize) in water, are easily absorbed/digested?

A

Na, K, Cl

277
Q

What are the elements that can be ionized or bound to other substances?

A

Ca, Mg, P, S

278
Q

Which elements are the cations and which are the anions?

A

Cations: Na, K, Ca, Mg
Anions: Cl, P, S

279
Q

Correctly connect which one goes with which.
MgCl, MgSO4, MgOH

Cathartic vs Alkalinizer vs Acidifier

A

MgCl - Acidifier
MgSO4 - Cathartic
MgOH - Alkalinizer

280
Q

What elements do we want to feed a cow that is acidic?

A

Strong Cations

281
Q
A
282
Q

What is the function of selenium?

A

Antioxidant - protects the cell from peroxides/oxidative action

Found in sperm midpiece
Converts T4-T3

283
Q

White muscle disease/Nutritional myopathy is what kind of deficiency?

A

Selenium (+/- Vit. E)

284
Q

What are the susceptible muscle groups that get affected with white muscle disease? (4)

A

Diaphragm, heart, tongue, skeletal muscle

285
Q

(T/F) The FDA does not regulate selenium intake because it has not shown to cause any issues when eaten in lots of amounts.

A

False - it is regulated by the FDA and is not able to be fed in large amounts

286
Q

What samples can be used to assess the amount of selenium in the body?

A

Blood selenium (use purple top)
Serum or plasma selenium
Liver selenium

287
Q

What are the classic syndrome with copper toxicity? (2-3)

A

Achromotrichia
Swayback in lambs
Aortic rupture in turkeys

288
Q

A high diet in what minerals will decrease the amount of copper absorption?

A

Sulfur and Iron

289
Q

Where is copper stored in the body?

A

Liver

290
Q

What samples can be used to assess the amount of copper in the body?

A

Liver copper (recommended)
Serum Copper (red top)

291
Q

What is the main function of zinc?

A

Conversion of beta carotene to vitamin A

292
Q

What mineral deficiency has parakeratosis, impaired immune function and reproductive inefficiency?

A

Zinc

293
Q

(T/F) Zinc will decrease with stress.

A

False- will increase with stress

294
Q

In order of absorption, what are the different forms of minerals? (from worst to best)

A

Oxides < Sulfate < Organic

295
Q

What is the animal form of Vit. A?

A

Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid

296
Q

Where is Vit. A stored and for how long?

A

Liver 4-6 months

297
Q

Out of these animals who has the best to worst conversion rate of Beta carotene? (Sheep, beef cows/holsteins, Jerseys/Guernsey)

A

Jersey/Guernsey
Sheep (highest conversion)>Beef cows/holsteins>Jerseys/Guernsey

298
Q

What are the plant form and animal form of Vitamin D?

A

Ergocalciferol
Cholecalciferol

299
Q

Vitamine E deficiency causes what?

A

Myopathy, hemolysis, muscle damage

300
Q

(T/F) Vitamin E is not transferred through the placenta so colostrum deprived calves need Vit. E.

A

True

301
Q

What are some clinical signs of thiamine B1 deficiency?

A

Blindness (pupil reflex normal), convulsions, opisthotonus (star gazing), down or dead

302
Q

Where does the cow get thiamine from?

A

Rumen microbes, brewer’s yeast, green plants (he said in lecture that forages have thiamine)

303
Q

Who are at higher risk in getting polioencephalomalacia?

A

Young suckling cattle
Cattle on concentrate diet
When there is change in weather

304
Q

How can you differentiate thiamine deficiency polio vs high sulfate polio?

A

If you give the treatment (thiamine IV) there will be no response if it is a high sulfate polio

305
Q

When is it common to give cyanocobalamin B12 to cows?

A

When they are off feed

306
Q

What are the determinants of dry matter intake in lactating cows?

A

Water intake
Milk production
Cow size
Ambient temp
Moisture content of ration
Bovine somatotropin

FA Nutrition (1 decks)

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