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1
Q

cortical reaction

A

prevents penetration by additional spermatozoa

in addition to altering zona pellucida, also reduces ability of oocyte plasma membrane to fuse with additional spermatozoa

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2
Q

cortical granules

A

during 1st and 2nd meiotic divisions of oogenesis, cortical granules move to the periphery of oocyte cytoplasm

contents are mucopolysaccharides, proteases, plasminogen activator, acid phosphase, peroxidase

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3
Q

exocytosis

A

after membrane fusion b/t oocyte and spermatozoon, cortical granules undergo exocytosis; contents released into perivitelline space

results in zona block

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4
Q

zona block

A

process where zona pellucida undergo biochemical changes so more sperm cannot penetrate.

prevents polyspermy

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5
Q

vitelline block

A

another mechanism to prevent polyspermy

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6
Q

syngamy

A

fusion of male and female pronuclei

final step of fertilization

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7
Q

supefecundation

A

spermatozoa from all males are eligible to fertilize oocytes (dogs: long sperm viability so oocytes can be fertilized by several males)

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8
Q

fusion protien

A

actual fusion of oocyte plasma membrane with equatorial segment is brought about by fusion protein

prior to acrosome reaction fusion protein is inactive

after vesiculation and release of acrosomal contents fusion protien is activated enabling sperm membrane to fuse/bind with oocyte membrane

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9
Q

Release of acrosomal enzymes

A

allows spermatozoon to digest its way through the zona pellucida

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10
Q

capacitation

A

changes sperm go through in female tract to become completely fertile

site varies b/t species. takes several hours

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11
Q

sialomucin

A

low viscosity

produced by cells in basal areas of cervical crypts

sperm swim into it “privalaged pathway”

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12
Q

sulfomucin

A

viscous

produced by apical portions of the cervical epithelium covering tips of cervical folds

sperm wash out if encounter sulfomucin

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13
Q

2 types of cervical mucus

A

sulfomucin
sialomucin

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13
Q

sustained transport phase

A

transported in “trickle-like” effect from cervical resivoirs and UTJ

move to isthmus and attach to oviduct epithelium “docking”

docking elicits signal cascade that promote viability

die 6-10 hrs after insemination if no docking

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14
Q

rapid transport phase

A

used to think good b/c delivered to oocyte quickly

sperm arriving in minutes not reliable

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15
Q

phases of spermatozoa transport

A

rapid transport
sustained transport

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16
Q

spermatozoa are lost from the female tract by:

A

phagocytosis by neutrophils
retrograde transport

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17
Q

embryo

A

an organism in the early stages of development and can’t be distinguished as a member of a specific species

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18
Q

zygote (ootid)

A

stage of embryo development when the male and female pronuclei can be observed, a newly fertilized embryo

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19
Q

fetus

A

apotential offspring that is still within the uterus but is generally recognizable as a member of a given species

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20
Q

conceptus

A

the product of conception
includes:
embryo during early embroynic stage
the embryo and extaembryonic membranes during the preimplantation stage
the fetus and placenta during the post-attatchment phase

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21
Q

blastomere

A

individual cell of an early, multicellular embryo

in early stages of embryogenesis each blastomere has potential to develop into separate offspring

undergo divisions until there are 16 daughter cells

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22
Q

cleavage divisions

A

zygote undergoes series of miotic divisions

first cleavage generates 2-cell embryo; cells are blastomeres

only occur b/t 1 cell and blastocyst stages

all take place in the zona pellucida

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23
Q

totipotent

A

blastomeres from the 2, 4, 8, 16 embryos are totipotent

ability of a single cell (blastomere) to give rise to a complete fully formed individual

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24
morula
when a solid ball of cells is formed and individual blastomeres can no longer be counted accurately (called morula) outer cells begin to be compacted more than the cells in the center. cells begin to separate into 2 populations (inner & outer cells)
25
types of cells that form in the morula phase
inner outer
26
gap junctions
cells in inner part or morula develop gap junctions allow for intercellular communications
27
tight junctions
outer cells form tight junctions believed to alter permeability of outer cells once formed fluid begins to accumulate inside the embryo believed to be because of sodium pump in outer cells of morula
28
blastocoele
water diffuses through zona pellucida into embryo and to form fluid filled cavity (blastocoele)
29
hatching of blastocyst is governed by 3 forces
growth and fluid accumulation within blastocyst production of enzymes by the trophoblastic cells contraction of the blastocyst
30
blastocyst
when distinct cavity is recognizable embryo is called a blastocyst
31
inner cell mass
will become the body of the embryo
32
trophoblast
will become the chorion (placenta)
33
2 groups of mammalian embryos
Domestic animals: preattatchment period is long (several weeks) extensive extraembryonic membranes form by a folding process that generates the amnion, chorion, and allantochorion Primates: blastocyst implants soon after it enters the uterus extraembryonic membrans form after implantation/attachment
34
extraembryonic membranes of preattachment embryo consist of:
yolk sac chorion amnion allantois
35
extraembryonic membranes
set of membranes that cause dramatic growth of the conceptus pig, sheep and cow have long filamentous/ threadlike blastocysts prior to attatchment mare: blastocysts remain sphere
36
primative endoderm mesoderm
give rise to chorion and amnion yolk sac develops from the primative endoderm additional cell layer that grows beneath but in contact with the inner cell mass, continue to grow downward and eventually line the trophoblast
37
allantois
fluid filled sac that collects liquid waste from the embryo as embryo grows it will expand and eventually make contact with the chorion. eventually fuses together
38
allantochorion
as embryo grows allantois will expand and eventually make contact with the chorion. eventually fuses together
39
maternal recognition of pregnancy
must happen before luteolysis
40
interferons
in ewe and cow proteins that signal for prevention of luteolysis cytokines (immune cell hormones) secreted by many types of cells (leukocytes, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and trophoblastic cells) best known for their ability to inhibit virus replication oIFN-T. & bIFN-T oIFN-t binds to endometrium and inhibits oxytocin receptor synthesis
41
maternal recognition sow
conceptus produces estradiol (the signal for maternal recognition) (prevents luteolysis) PGF2a is produced in significant quantities, rerouted to uterine lumen MUST be 2 conceptuses present in each uterine horn for pregnancy to be maintained.
42
maternal recognition mare
presence of conceptus prevents luteolysis conceptus must move from one uterine horn to the other (12-14 times/day during days 12, 13, & 14) (conceptus does not elongate like other species) probably has to happen to distribute pregnancy recognition factors to endometrial cells (don't know what factors are)
43
maternal recognition human
at time of implantation 7-9 days after ovulation conceptus begins to secrete hCG acts on CL to inhibit intraovarian luteolysis
44
chorionic villus
functional unit of the fetal placenta exchange apparatus, provides increased surface area so that exchange is maximized
45
placenta classifications
diffuse zonary discoid cotyledonary
46
diffuse placenta
pig & mare pig: uniform distribution; initial attachment around day 12 mare: specialized microzones of chorionic villi (microcotyledons) distributed over entire surface. Also contain endometrial cups (trophoblastic and endometrial origin) 5-10 cups over surface of placenta. Cups produce eCG & develop b/t days 35 and 60. after day 60 they are no longer used
47
zonary placenta
dogs and cats girdle like; single band around middle; broad zone 2nd region: consists of highly pigmented ring at either end of the central zone. consists of small hematomas (blood clots). pigmented zone also refered to as paraplacenta; thought to be important in iron transport 3rd region: transparent zone on distal ends of chorion, has poor vascularity
48
discoid placenta
human, rodent, rabbit, primates 1-2 disc-shaped areas
49
cotyledonary
cow, ewe, deer (ruminants) cotyledons (many circles of villi) sheep: 90-100 cotyledons cow: 70-120 cotyledons placentome: (point of interface) consists of a fetal cotyledon and maternal cotyledon originating from caruncular regions of uterus. In cow CONVEX, in ewe CONVAVE
50
Epitheliochorial placenta
prefix maternal sufix fetal 6 layers 7 layers? sow and mare also ruminants but endometrial epithelium erodes and regrows causing exposure to maternal capillaries (syndesmochorial) binucleate giant cells found in ruminant placenta
51
binucleate giant cells
large and have 2 nuclei appear around day 14 in sheep and day 18-20 in cow originate from trophoblast and thought to be formed continuously 20% of fetal placenta migrate from chorionic epithelium and invade endometrial epithelium transfer complex molecules from fetal to maternal placenta secrete pregnanacy specific protein B (PSPB) also called pregnancy associated glycoproteins(PAG)
52
endotheliochorial placenta
5 layers dog and cat complete erosion of endometrial epithelium maternal capillaries directly exposed to epithelial cells of chorion
53
hemochorial placenta
3 layers primates and rodents chorionic epithelium in direct opposition of maternal pools of blood nutrients and gases exchanged directly from maternal blood and only has to go through 3 layers of tissue
54
hemoendothelial
1 layer rabbit, rat, guinea pig barriers to waste, nutrients, and gaseous transfer almost nonexistant chorionic capillaries immersed in pools of blood and material directly transferred from maternal blood pools through a single layer of chorionic capillary endothelium
55
placental exchanges
simple diffusion: (gases and water pas from high to low concentrations) facilitated diffusion: (glucose and other metabolically important materials such as amino acids are transported by facilitated diffusion using specific carrier molecules) active transport:
56
What can & cannot pass through placenta
can: fetal formed fatty acids water soluble vitamins B & K (easier than fat soluble) minerals toxic & potentially pathonenic compounds (ethyl alcohol, lead, phosphorus, mercury) drugs & pharmaceuticals (antibodies) microorganisms viruses imunoglobulins smaller molecular weight hormones (steroids, thyroid hormone, catecholamines (epi & norepi) Cannot: maternal proteins nutritionally based lipids large peptide hormones (thryroid stimulating hormone, adrenal cortical stimulating hormone, growth hormone, insulin, glucagon) teratogenic (abnormal development/ birth defects): LSD, amphetamines, lithium, diethylstilbestrol, thalidomide
57
Placenta secretes hormones that can:
(placenta is also transitory endocrine organ) stimulate ovarian function maintain pregnancy influence fetal growth stimulate mammary function assist in parturition
58
first major gonadotropin of placental origin
eCG produced by endometrial cups in mare
59
second major gonadotropin of placental origin
hCG not specific to humans (found in other primates) can be detected in urine of pregnant female by day 8-10 of gestation (used in human pregnancy tests)
60
CL during pregnancy
not needed in some species for whole duration of pregnancy b/c placenta takes over secretion of progesterone (ewe, mare, human) sow, rabbit: if CL removed pregnancy will terminate cow: if removed up to 8 months pregnancy will terminate
61
Placenta produces:
progesterone estradiol also produces placental lactogen (polypeptide hormone) also called somatomammotropin. found in rats, mice, sheep, cows, humans similar to GH stimulate mammary gland
62
who triggers partuition
fetus
63
3 stages of partuition
initiation of myometrial contractions (removal of progesterone block) expulsion of fetus expulsion of fetal membranes
64
distocia
difficult birth
65
relaxin
glycoprotein produced by either CL or placenta (depends on species) synthesis of relaxin stimulated by PGF2a causes softening of connective tissue in cervix and promotes elasticity of pelvic ligaments

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