Final

Question 1

emotional memory enhancement

Answer 1

emotionally valanced information tends to be better recalled than neutral information independent of positive or negative valence, type of memory recall, and nature of the stimuli

Question 2

emotional memory enhancement is assumed to rely on which brain systems

Answer 2

the limbic system - amygdala and hippocampus, but especially the amygdala (twofold influence on memory)

Question 3

compared to younger adults, older adults tend to better remember ___ information

Answer 3

positive information

Question 4

possible explanations for EME

Answer 4

• emotional items more distinct than neutral ones
• emotional items organized more easily
• emotional items forgotten at a lower rate

Question 5

socioemotional selectivity theory (SST)

Answer 5

since older adults have less time to live they prioritize emotional wellbeing

Question 6

degradation hypothesis of EME

Answer 6

positive information is less cognitively demanding, due to age related impairments in the amygdala

Question 7

EME is not always observed in AD patients - when does it appear

Answer 7

when the memory test is more recollective like recall tasks opposed to recognition tasks

Question 8

because the SST assumes that positivity bias is the result of active processes, this theory predicts that those with ______ functioning will demonstrate more of a positivity bias

Answer 8

better cognitive functioning

Question 9

positivity bias study wanted to determine if positivity bias in older adults was explained by the motivation hypothesis (SST) or the degradation hypothesis. How did they test this

Answer 9

comparing immediate versus delayed recall of emotional memory performance in young adults, old adults, very old adults, and AD patients

Question 10

what did the positivity bias study suspect the results to be if the SST theory was correct

Answer 10

if the motivational SST theory was correct, they predicted that old and very old adults (those who were supposed to be cognitively spared/functioning) would demonstrate a larger positivity bias than AD patients, and positivity bias would be especially prevalent in delayed retrieval

Question 11

what did the positivity bias study suspect the results would be if the degradation theory was correct

Answer 11

AD patients and possibly very old adults would demonstrate a greater positivity bias, especially in immediate recall

Question 12

what were the results of immediate recall in the positivity bias study

Answer 12

both positive and negative words were remembered best, indicating that positivity bias does not manifest for short-term recall

Question 13

what were the results of the delayed recall test in the positivity bias study

Answer 13

positivity bias was exhibited in both the young adults and both older adult groups, but not in the AD patients - thus suggesting that positivity bias is the result of cognitive control/ SST

Question 14

what were the results of differing coding instruction with regards to the positivity bias study

Answer 14

encoding restrictions did not seem to affect positivity bias

Question 15

what were the results of the recognition task in the positivity bias study

Answer 15

positivity bias was displayed in both very old adults and AD patients, but in old adults positivity bias was erased with semantic processing instructions. the opposite affect was shown for AD patients, where they only showed positivity bias when the semantic processing instruction was given

Question 16

the results of the positivity bias study indicated that positivity bias is most likely to be observed when

Answer 16

in those with good cognitive functioning, after long retention delay, and without encoding constraints

Question 17

what are some factors that make teens more likely to gravitate towards substance abuse

Answer 17

peer influence, need for immediate gratifications, underdeveloped impulse control, maladaptove coping mechanisms

Question 18

interplay between race/culture and substance abuse

Answer 18

indigenous peoples, african americans, people of mixed ethnic backgrounds, non-hispanic whites may be less likely to abuse substances IF they have strong cultural ties

Question 19

which studies are best designed to assess the effects of substance abuse on adolescents

Answer 19

large-scale prospective neuroimmaging studies

Question 20

what was the the go/no go test used for in the adolescents substance abuse study

Answer 20

to test impulsivity

Question 21

what was the wheel of fortune task used for in the substance abuses study

Answer 21

reward/loss probabilities

Question 22

examples of universal drug prevention plans

Answer 22

ones that want to prevent substance abuse across an entire population. educational/public awareness campaigns, workshops

Question 23

selective drug prevention plans

Answer 23

targets individuals or groups with specific risk factors - early intervention programs, school programs for at risk youth

Question 24

indicated drug prevention

Answer 24

for individuals already displaying signs or symptoms of drug abuse

Question 25

why are negative events the focus of psychological studies

Answer 25

negative events are typically more evolutionarily important for the regulation of behaviour

Question 26

how did children and adults differ in their rating of their emotional state and valence compared to that of a protagonist in the stories they read

Answer 26

both children and adults rated the protagonist’s emotions as more intense and negative than their own but children tended to rate themselves as more neutral wheras adults rated themselves as more closely matching the protagonist

Question 27

understanding narratives requires the development of

Answer 27

perspective taking and theory of mind

Question 28

children are able to infer emotional valence by age ____ with increasing accuracy with increasing age, and are able to infer emotional states by age ___

Answer 28

5, 10

Question 29

the reading task for emotional valence tested which 10 emotional state

Answer 29

sadness, jealousy, anger, anxiety, embarrassment, disgust, guilt, despair, pride, and happiness

Question 30

what was the unit of measurement for reading times in the emotional valence study

Answer 30

milliseconds per syllable

Question 31

why did the emotional valence reading study include two positive emotions (happiness and pride)

Answer 31

as a manipulation check to see if the kids could correctly identify emotional states as positive or negative

Question 32

what were the two age groups in the emotional valence reading study

Answer 32

fifth graders and young adults

Question 33

explain the results of the emotional valence and narratives study

Answer 33

negatively valenced emotions were read faster in both age groups, but children slowed to read spillover sentences in the negatively valenced stories - suggesting they may need increased processing time to under stand the protagonists emotional state

Question 34

list of secondary effects of social isolation on older adults

Answer 34

Depression (depressive symptoms increase with increased loneliness)
Alcoholism
Stress
Low-grade peripheral inflammation
Obesity, physiological aging, cancer, poor hearing, poor health, poor sleep quality
Dementia and Alzheimer (but is loneliness the result of these diseases, or a cause?)