Final Flashcards
1
Q
12 human rights
A
rights everyone has regardless of who they are
2
Q
12 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
A
-soft law
-common standard of achievement for all people
-foundation of modern HR law
3
Q
12 Pillars of UDHR (4)
A
- dignity: timeless + shared by all
- liberty: freedom of speech; equal protection of the law
- equality: political, social, & economic; employment rights, standard of living, education
- brotherhood: communal + national solidarity
4
Q
12 Int’l Bill of Rights (3 parts)
A
-UDHR
-int’l covenant on civil + political rights
-int’l covenant on economic, social, & cultural rights
5
Q
12 Int’l Covenant on Civil + Political Rights
A
details basic civil + political views of individuals + nations
6
Q
12 Int’l Covenant On Economic, Social, & Cultural Rights
A
specifies basic economic, social & cultural rights of individuals + nations
7
Q
12 why HR are controversial (4)
A
- based on western ideals
- Asian values based on families and communities instead of individuals
- states want to keep current rights w/o adding new ones
- states want sovereignty + not other states getting involved
8
Q
12 nonderogable rights
A
rights that can’t be suspended no matter what
9
Q
12 prisoners of conscience (POC)
A
imprisoned bc of peaceful expression of beliefs
10
Q
12 how to enforce HR (3)
A
- invade country + topple regime
- sanctions
- smart sanctions
11
Q
12 democide
A
-deaths from intentional gov’t killings + unintentional gov’t policies
-states may the biggest threat to HR bc they’re most frequent + deadliest form of violence
12
Q
12 TANs
A
creates pressure to enforce laws
13
Q
12 when states take actions for HR (3)
A
- faced w domestic pressure
- it serves larger political interests
- sovereignty + int’l rights law can be bridged
14
Q
12 individual petition
A
-improvement to HR institutions
-right to petition int’l legal bodies if they feel violated
15
Q
12 Int’l Criminal Court (ICC)
A
-improvement to HR institutions
-can only act if state won’t
16
Q
7 absolute advantage
A
can produce most of smth w same resources + time
17
Q
7 comparative advantage
A
lowest opportunity cost bc resources efficiently used
18
Q
7 trade protection types (5)
A
- tariffs
- quotas
- subsidies
- prohibitions
- non tariff barriers
19
Q
7 protectionism
A
using barriers to restrict imports… makes things relatively scarce
20
Q
7 trade barriers
A
gov’t limitations on int’l exchange of goods
21
Q
7 tariffs
A
-tax on imports
-increases domestic price + protects domestic producers
22
Q
7 quota/quantitative restriction
A
limits number of goods sold domestically
23
Q
7 non tariff barriers to trade
A
regulations that require gov’ts to buy domestic
24
Q
7 factors of production (4)
A
aka factor endowments
1. land
2. labor (unskilled)
3. capital
4. human capital (skilled)
25
7 Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory
country exports goods that mainly use factors of production they're high in (what countries export)
26
7 Stolper-Samuelson theorem
trade protection benefits the scarce factor of production (winners + losers of trade)
27
7 Ricardo-Viner (specific-factors) model
some factors of production are industry specific so trade related interests of individuals are based on industry they're employed in
28
7 factors that affect trade (5)
1. currency (ex. Euro)
2. investments (in each other)
3. geography (closer)
4. military relations (more friendly)
5. policies (voters have opinions)
29
7 reciprocity
mutual agreement to lower tariffs + trade barriers
30
7 national constituency
president favors free trade if protection only helps small local industry + harms many consumers
31
7 most favored nation (MFN) status
countries that give favorable trade policies to 1 MFN status country, it applies to all MFNs
32
7 dispute settlement body
enforces trade rules by allowing states to punish each other
33
7 specialization
division of labor that increases productivity
34
8 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
-committed to reducing trade barriers
-preceded WTO
35
7 World Trade Organization (WTO)
-encourages + polices reduction of trade barriers
-oversees resolution of trade disputes
-replaced GATT
-all countries have equal vote
-but largest trading states still dominate
36
7 regional trade agreements (RTAs)
agreements among 3+ states in a region to reduce regional trade barriers
37
8 types of foreign investment (3)
1. portfolio investment
2. foreign direct investment
3. sovereign lending
38
8 portfolio investment
-investor doesn't manage
-stocks, corporate bonds, sovereign debt
39
8 foreign direct investment (FDI)
-controls investment
-building a factory
40
8 sovereign lending
-loans from private financial institutions in sovereign gov'ts
-goes to developing countries
41
8 austerity
raise taxes + cut spending to reduce consumption
42
8 recession
sharp slowing of economic growth + activity
43
8 depression
fall in business cycle; decline in economic activity; increased unemployment; prolonged
44
8 default
country fails to make payments in debt
45
8 multinational corporations (MNCs)
-enterprise operating in multiple countries
-carries out FDI
-gains access to markets
46
8 global supply chains
network of customers + suppliers involved in production + distribution of product
47
8 bilateral investment treaty
agreement btwn 2 countries ab FDIs
48
8 Bank for Int'l Settlements
-established to oversee relations btwn Germany (problematic debtor) + int'l creditors
-does XR transactions
49
8 World Bank
-makes loans to promote economic development
-borrows from major financial markets at low rates
50
8 Int'l Monetary Fund (IMF)
originally for XR + monetary relations, but now mainly helps w debt + currency crises
51
9 exchange rate (XR)
how much money it's worth in diff currency
52
9 appreciation
increase in value of currency (float XR)
53
9 depreciation
reduction in value of currency (float XR)
54
9 devalue
reduction in value of currency (fixed XR)
55
9 lowering interest rates effect
borrowing cheaper --> low incentive to save --> more money supply
56
9 raising interest rates effect
borrowing more expensive --> more incentive to save --> less money supply
57
9 XR regimes (4)
1. fixed: same in future guaranteed by gov't
2. floating: set by market
3. give up own currency
4. adjustable peg: pegged to currency
58
9 gold standard
-gov't fixed value to gold
-more int'l investment + trade
-can't make more money if in recession
59
9 Bretton Woods
-encouraged more int'l investment + trade
-US fixed to gold, others fixed to US
-IMF helped determine who can adjust XR
60
9 modern era
-based on floating XR of few major currencies
-Euro (attempt at currency stability)
61
9 monetary policy
-gov't tool used to influence economic conditions
-affect money supply by raising + lowering interest rates
62
9 fixed XR benefits (3)
1. stable + predictable
2. encourages int'l trade
3. good for ppl who want int'l trade and less inflation
63
9 fixed XR costs (2)
1. gov't has no monetary policy so can't help during recession/inflation
2. producers who compete w imports/exports want gov't to change value so easier to sell their products
64
9 float XR benefits (1)
monetary policy freedom
65
9 float XR costs (2)
1. unstable + volatile
2. int'l investment, trade, travel, finance difficult
66
9 int'l monetary regime
arrangement (formal or not) widely accepted in gov't relations among currencies + shared by most countries
67
9 commodity standard
-benchmark for measuring values
-good w a value
68
9 national paper currency standard
-benchmark for measuring values
-gov't promises that currency won't lose much value
69
9 Central Bank
implements monetary policy by changing interest rates
70
10 less developed countries (LDC)
countries at relatively low level of economic dev
71
10 reasons its difficult to obtain universal development (3)
1. geography
2. domestic policies
3. domestic institutions
72
10 geography aspects (4)
1. disease env
2. weather
3. access to ports vs. landlocked
4. proximity to markets
-critique: Zambia + Botswana
73
10 domestic policies (3)
1. infrastructure (physical + social)
2. institutions (systems)
3. property rights (so farmers will invest)
74
10 infrastructure
-physical: roads, airports, etc. for trade + exchange
-social: public health, education, etc. for better focus in jobs
75
10 resource curse
countries w more natural resources tend to have less economic growth
76
10 types of colonialism (2)
1. settler - more infrastructure investment
2. extractive - less infrastructure investment
77
10 types of products (3)
1. primary: raw materials + agri; not/slightly processed
2. secondary: industry
3. tertiary: services
78
10 terms of trade
relationship btwn country's export + import prices
79
10 oligopoly
when market/industry dominated by few firms
80
10 import-substituting industrialization (ISI)
policies adopted by most developing to decrease imports + encourage domestic manufacturing
81
10 ISI actions (3)
1. trade barriers
2. gov't incentives for industry to develop
3. gov't supply of industrial services near companies
82
10 export-oriented industrialization (EOI)
policies adopted by East Asian states to increase manufacturing of exports
83
10 EOI actions (3)
1. subsidies
2. incentives for export production
3. weak currency so cheap products
84
10 Group of 77
alliance of LDC in UN
85
10 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
LDC oil producers who doubled oil prices several times by decreasing supply
86
10 why OPEC successful (3)
1. few substitutes of oil (same amt consumed)
2. few members had much of the oil
3. many Muslim members so shared cultural ties
87
10 commodities
raw materials and agri like Cu, coffee, iron, bananas
88
10 commodity cartels
associations of commodity producers that decrease global supply of products so prices increase
89
10 dependency theory
-core countries taking advantage of cheap products from periphery countries + selling higher value + priced products
-core: rich
-periphery: poor
-justifies ISI in developing countries
90
10 subsidy
gov't helps pay costs of production
91
10 Washington Consensus (4)
-policies meant to encourage foreign investment
1. remove trade barriers
2. privatize state-owned industries
3. liberalize banking sector
4. austerity
92
13 global climate change
human-induced env change (esp bc GHG) leading to increasing global temps
93
13 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
int'l agreement providing framework for intergov'tl efforts on climate change
94
13 Paris Agreement
1st agreement to require commitments to control GHG; under UNFCCC (all countries)
95
13 Kyoto Protocol
targets for less carbon + GHG emissions; amendment of UNFCCC (developed countries)
96
13 tragedy of the commons
resource open to all and no one has incentive to conserve it
97
13 greenhouse effect
solar radiation reflected as IR which is absorbed + reemitted by GHG, warming atmosphere
98
13 rival, non-rival, excludable, non-excludable (4)
1. public: non-excludable + non-rival
2. common-pool: non-excludable + rival
3. club: excludable + non-rival
4. private: excludable + rival
99
13 ways to resolve tragedy of the commons (2)
1. create private property rights
2. regulating behavior thru laws, norms, & agreements
100
13 factors influencing cooperation (5)
1. size (free riding)
2. problem complexity (simple=cooperation)
3. iteration (repeated interactions)
4. join products (public bundled w private goods)
5. privileged group (few actors will pay)
101
13 CFC limiting by US (2)
1. Vienna Convention: regulates activities of CFCs
2. Montreal Protocol: int'l treaty to decrease CFCs
102
13 cap-and-trade system
-firms can sell credits if they emit less than allotted to others who emit more
-limits emissions over time
103
13 regulation
limiting/banning overexploitation of common-pool resources
104
13 externalities
-consequence of an action affecting others w/o being directly reflected on own costs/benefits
-connects individual costs/benefits to society's costs/benefits
105
13 CITES
-restricts trade of flora + fauna
-successful but gov'ts have to enforce trade restrictions
106
13 nat'l determined contribution
a commitment that each Paris Accord party makes to reduce global warming
107
14 liberal int'l order
free trade, increased investment, & macroeconomic stability viewed as essential of economic recovery + peace post WWII
108
14 challenges to postwar order (3)
1. weapons of mass destruction
2. rise of states
3. populism
109
14 embedded liberalism
int'l economic policy liberalization is needed to serve the interests of citizens
110
14 economic pressures on rich democracies (5)
1. technological change: IT revolution, automation
2. globalization: policy liberalization w developing world, esp China
3. financial crises
4. declining manufacturing employment
5. stagnant real wages + increased inequality
111
14 populism
thin centered ideology that considers society as separated into 2 homogenous + antagonistic groups: pure ppl vs corrupt elite
112
14 authoritarian values
-characteristics that indicate preference for order + conformity
-these value outcomes should be brought with force if necessary
113
14 rise of China and pessimistic/optimistic views
-stronger economy + military
-China will oppose spread of dem. gov't + US as central economy... should be stopped
-China will favor growth of int'l institutions + globalization... should be encouraged
114
14 weapons of mass destruction
nuclear, chemical, biological, cyber weapons w high costs so increase bargaining range
115
14 mutually assured destruction (3)
1. survivable second strike force
2. leaders are rational
3. mutual deterrence (know where it came from)
