Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
1 mercantilism
A
- military power + economic influence complemented each other
- policies favored mother country
2
Q
1 mercantilism
what did states want
A
- political power
- access to markets + resources in other places
3
Q
1 mercantilism
what’s enumeration
A
in colonies, could only sell products to British empire, but that would give them protection
4
Q
1 hegemony
A
predominance of one nation-state over others
5
Q
1 hegemony
relation to Anglo-French rivalry
A
Britain became dominant after Seven Years’ War and Napoleonic Wars
6
Q
1 decolonization
why did it happen
A
- 1915-1960 many dominant countries were in war
- colonial areas were neglected… had pressure to become independent
7
Q
1 Cold War
what did states want
A
- maximize global influence
- gains in wealth
8
Q
1 Cold War
what did states want afterwards
A
- wealth gains through trade and investment
- security
9
Q
1 Cold War
main actors
A
US and Soviet Union
10
Q
2 interests
A
object(s) pursued by actors
11
Q
2 actors
A
basic units of analysis
ex. states, politicians, NGOs, voters
12
Q
2 state
A
central authority w ability to make + enforce laws w/in territory
13
Q
2 sovereignty
A
expectation that states have legal and political supremacy
14
Q
2 anarchy
A
absence of a central authority
to make + enforce laws
15
Q
2 national interests
common examples
A
security and power
16
Q
2 interactions
A
choices of 2+ actors combine –> political outcomes
17
Q
2 interactions
strategic interactions
A
actor’s strategies depend on acticipated actions of others
actors are purposive
18
Q
2 interactions
Pareto frontier
A
the line that maximizes resources
middle: ideal for both
19
Q
2 interaction types
list 2
A
- cooperation
- bargaining
20
Q
2 interaction types
list 2
A
- cooperation
- bargaining
21
Q
2 cooperation
A
positive sum game; 1+ actors better off, none worse off
interaction type
22
Q
2 bargaining
A
zero sum game; one actor better off at expense of other
interaction type
23
Q
2 cooperative interaction types
list 2
A
- coordination
- collaboration
24
Q
2 coordination
A
actors all benefit; no incentives not to comply
cooperative interaction type
25
2 collaboration
actors all benefit; incentives not to comply
| cooperative interaction type
26
2 public goods
nonexcludable and nonrival in consumption
27
2 collective action problem
incentives to collaborate but expects others to pay costs
28
2 free ride
don't contribute to public good + still benefit
29
2 when can actors cooperate
| list 3
1. number + size of actors
2. iteration
3. linkage
30
2 iteration
repeated interactions w same ppl
| when actors can cooperate
31
2 linkage
tying cooperation in one area to another
| when actors can cooperate
32
2 power
ability to get one actor to do smth they wouldn't
33
2 ways to exercise power + shift outcome
| list 3
1. coercion
2. outside options
3. agenda setting
34
2 coercion
imposing costs/threats on other actors
| way to exercise power and shift outcome
35
2 outside options
makes it easier to walk away from bargain
| way to exercise power and shift outcome
36
2 agenda setting
* taking actions before bargain
* ex. China building forts in South China sea so they have the islands
| way to exercise power and shift outcome
37
2 institutions
sets of rules structuring interactions
38
3 interstate war
participants are states
39
3 what states fight over
| list 4
1. territory
2. policies
3. regime type
4. ethinicity/religion
40
3 security dilemma
states increase defenses, making others insecure
| can lead to arms races + war
41
why can war happen
| list 4
1. failed bargain
2. incomplete info
3. commitment problems
4. indivisibility
42
3 crisis bargaining
consequences of not getting to an agreement = use of force + war
43
3 coercive diplomacy
using threats to advance the bargain
| do this, or else
44
3 bargaining range
set of deals both parties prefer over reversion outcome
45
3 compellence
effort to change status quo w threat of force
| stop doing/give me x, or else
46
3 deterrence
effort to preserve status quo w threat of force
| don't do x, or else
47
3 incomplete information
actors in strategic interaction lack info ab others' interests/abilities
48
3 resolve
willingness to endure costs to acquire good
49
3 credibility
believability
50
3 how to credibly signal resolve
costly signals
51
3 credibility
| how do states show this
costly signals
52
3 ways to communicate resolve
| list 3
1. brinksmanship
2. tying hands
3. paying for power
53
3 brinksmanship
taking actions increasing risk of war so the other side blinks
| communicating resolve
54
3 comunicating resolve
| list 3
1. brinksmanship
2. tying hands
3. paying for power
55
3 tying hands
making threats that are hard to back down from
| communicating resolve
56
3 audience costs
reprecussions if leader doesn't follow thru on threat
| connected to tying hands
57
3 tying hands
making threats that make it difficult to back down
| communicating resolve; connected to audience costs
58
3 paying for power
costly steps to increase capabilities
| communicating resolve
59
3 preventive war
prevent adversary from becoming stronger
| bc of commitment problems
60
3 paying for power
take costly steps to increase capabilities
| communicating resolve
61
3 preemptive war
response to first-strike advantage; anticipate attack from the other side
| bc of commitment problems
62
3 first-strike advantage
advantage to whoever attacks first
| related to preemptive war
63
3 indivisible good
can't be divided w/out destroying value
64
3 why are wars less likely
| list 4
1. rising costs (nukes etc.)
2. increased transparency (institutions)
3. outside enforcement (institutions)
3. less interest in territory (globalization)
65
4 nationalism
prioritizing attachment to nation
| nation: origin, ethnic, language, culture
66
4 bureaucracy
organizations carrying out governance tasks
67
4 interest groups
* groups w common interests
* organize to influence policy
68
4 when are interests are successful
| list 2
1. concentrated benefits
2. diffused costs
69
4 rally effect
more supportive of gov't during dramatic int'l event
70
4 pyramid of key domestic actors in foreign policy
| list 4
1. leaders
2. bureaucracy
3. interest groups
4. general public
71
4 diversionary incentive
leader's temptation to start crisis to have rally effect
72
4 military-industrial complex
alliance btwn military leaders + industries who benefit from int'l conflict
| ex. arms manufacturers
73
4 democratic peace
there's few wars btwn democratic states
74
4 why democratic peace
| list 3
1. more transparent
2. shared norm of respect + non-violence
3. low public support (for leaders)
75
4 challenges to democratic peace
| list 3
1. alternative cause (economic dev = demc = less war)
2. reverse causation (peace necessary for demc)
3. spurious association (demc happened to be allies after WWII)
76
4 hawks vs doves
* hawks: perceive lower costs
* doves: perceive higher costs
| from war
77
4 democracy
leaders selected thru frequent, fair elections where most ppl can vote
78
4 Kant philosophy
when gov'ts more accountable, war is less likely
79
4 autocracy
small group has a lot of power
80
4 accountability
ability to punish/reward leaders for their decisions
81
5 alliances
institutions where members cooperate during war
82
5 alliances
| offensive vs defensive
* offensive: agree to attack another state
* defensive: pledge to help if attacked
83
5 alliances
| asymmetric
one state much larger than other
84
5 balance of power
when militaries of 2 states/groups are similar
| purpose of alliance
85
5 bandwagoning
when states join w stronger side in a conflict
86
5 entrapment
being dragged into unwanted war bc an ally was oppourtunistic
87
5 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
alliance formed against Soviet Union
| attack on one = attack on all
88
5 Warsaw pact
alliance btwn Soviet Union + allies during Cold war
| dissolved after it ended
89
5 League of Nations
* collective security organization founded after WWI
* replaced by UN
90
5 United Nations (UN)
* collective security organization founded after WWII
* includes all recognized states
91
5 collective security organizations
institutions promoting peace + security among members
92
5 problems of CSOs
| list 2
1. collective action problem
2. joint decision-making problem
93
5 R2P
| list 4
1. genocide
2. war
3. ethnic cleansing
4. crimes against humanity
94
5 genocide
intentional + systematic killing against identifiable group of ppl
| ex. ethic/religious group
95
5 humanitarian interventions
interventions designed to relieve humanitarian crises
| from civil conflicts/large-scale human rights abuses
96
5 UN Security Council (UNSC)
* main governing body of UN
* identifies threats to int'l peace + security
* prescribes responses
97
5 Permanent Five (P5)
1. US
2. Great Britain
3. France
4. Russia
5. China
| permanent on UNSC
98
5 veto power
can prevent passage of a measure by single act like a vote
99
5 peace-enforcement operation
military operation using force to make/enforce peace among parties that haven't stopped fighting
100
5 peacekeeping operation
troops deployed to monitor a cease-fire/peace agreement
101
6 civil war
participants w/in same state
102
6 terrorism
use/threat of violence against noncombatant targets by individuals/nonstate groups for political objective
103
6 main reasons ppl rebel
| list 2
1. grievances
2. greed
104
6 why war - group level
| list 3
1. ethnicity
2. tribe
3. material support
105
6 why war - country level
| list 3
1. regime type
2. wealth
3. geography
106
6 asymmetrical warfare
conflict btwn actors w uneven military capabilities
| ex. terrorists vs states
107
6 separatist
actor wanting to make independent state out of territory of existing state
108
6 irredentist
actor wanting to detach region of one state and attach to another
| usually bc ethnic/religious ties
109
6 proxy wars
two states "fight" by supporting opposite sides in a war
110
6 insurgency
military strategy where small units use hit-and-run attacks
111
6 extremists
actors whose interests not widely shared by others
| politically weak relative to demands
112
6 provocation
provoking gov't so they retaliate
| terrorist strategy
113
6 spoiling
sabotaging potential peace btwn target state + home gov't
| terrorist strategy
114
6 outbidding
groups trying to demonstrate superiority + more commitment to a cause
| terrorist strategy
115
11 int'l law
rules binding states + agents in world politics
| status of law
116
11 int'l law does...
| list 3
1. facilitates cooperation
2. clarifies obligations
3. defines violations
117
11 int'l humanitarian law
rules limiting armed conflict, protect noncombatants, + restrict warfare
| laws of war
118
11 customary int'l law
develops over time as states recognize practices as correct
119
11 Geneva Conventions
describes legal activities during war
120
11 obligation
degree that states are bound to an int'l rule
| high-obligation = must do, etc.
121
11 precision
degree that int'l obligations are specified
| more precise = less interpretation, etc.
122
11 delegation
degree that third parties can interpret int'l law + make additional rules + resolve disputes
123
11 hard vs soft law
* hard: obligatory, precise, high delegation
* soft: optional, ambiguous, low delegation
124
11 norms
standards of behavior
125
11 norms
| list 3
1. constitutive
2. prodedural
3. regulative
126
11 constitutive norms
who's a legit actor under what circumstances
127
11 procedural norms
how decisions w multiple actors should be made
128
11 regulative norms
behavior/interactions w other actors
129
11 norms entrepreneurs
groups/individuals seeking to advance norms for states + other actors
130
11 transnational advocacy network (TAN)
individuals + NGOs pursuing normative objective
131
11 norms life cycle
1. convince
2. cascade
3. internalize
| TAN, tipping point, taken for granted
132
11 private authority
sites of non-state authority that establishes norms
| ex. ISO
133
11 boomerang model
NGOs in one state activate transnational links so others states pressure their gov't
