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Cell Biology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What do non-muscle cells with adherence junctions and contractile bundles do

A

Contract to change cell shape

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2
Q

No muscle cells, regulation steps

A
  • Ca2+ will bind to calmodulin and change confirmation of calmodulin
  • Ca2+ and calmodulin will bind and activate myosin light change Kinase (MLCK)
    -active MLCK phosphorylates and activates myosin II
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3
Q

What are protofilaments made of

A

Multiple alpha and beta tubulin

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4
Q

What is a microtubule made of?

A

13 Protofilaments

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5
Q

What do you do to add to the plus end of a microtubule?

A

Add a dimer with BGTP

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6
Q

What do you do to remove from the minus end of a microtubule?

A

Add a dimer w BGDP

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7
Q

How do you fix microtubular instability?

A

Add and remove at the same rate to maintain the length

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8
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

Help with vesicle movement

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9
Q

What is the centriole made of?

A

27MT with gamma tubulin on the inside

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10
Q

What is a centriole inside of?

A

Centrosome

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11
Q

What else is inside the centrosome?

A

Pericentriolar material

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12
Q

What do you call the microtubule that connects to the chromosome?

A

Kinetichore

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13
Q

What do you call the microtubules that are facing towards the membrane?

A

Astrial

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14
Q

What do you call a micro tubes that go towards the center of the cell but do not touch

A

Polar

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15
Q

What are the two motor proteins?

A

Kinesin and dynein

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16
Q

What direction does kinesin go

A

From minus end to plus end

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17
Q

What direction does dynein go

A

Plus end to minus end

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18
Q

On kinesin, where is the n terminal

A

The head

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19
Q

On kinesin where is the C terminal and what does it do

A

The tail and interacts with the cargo

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20
Q

Two types of dynein

A

Cytoplasmic and axonemal

21
Q

Where is a axonemal dynein

A

In flagella and cilia

22
Q

What do MT motor proteins do

A

They help with the movement of vesicles in organized structure maintenance

23
Q

Which organelle does kinesin maintain the structure for

A

The ER

24
Q

Which organelle does dynein maintain the structure for

A

The Golgi

25
Q

What does the cell cycle do?

A

Create genetically identical, progeny cells

26
Q

What phases are in interphase?

A

G1
S
G2

27
Q

What happens in the G1 phase and how long does it take?

A

This is the growth one phase that takes 11 hours

28
Q

What happens in the S phase and how long does it take?

A

DNA synthesis and it takes eight hours

29
Q

What happens in the G2 phase and how long does it take?

A

This is the growth two phase and it takes four hours

30
Q

What happens at the end of G2?

A

Duplication of centrosome Known as semi conservative duplication

31
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromosomes, condensed and centrosomes begins to separate to opposite sides of the cell, and MT begins to form

32
Q

What happens in Prometaphase

A

The nuclear envelope breaks down and MTs connect to kinetichores and chromosomes begin to align

33
Q

What is kinetic core

A

Collection of proteins around the centromere

34
Q

What is cohesion?

A

A protein in between chromosomes

35
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align at metaphase plate and uses kinetic core MT growth and kinesin on these MT

36
Q

What happens during anaphase a

A

Sister chromatids separate and cohesion breaks down. Kinetic core, empty shrink and dynein is used on the MT

37
Q

What happens during anaphase B?

A

Separate centrosomes to the plasma membrane. Astral MT ARE USED TO RAIL IN centrosome

38
Q

What happens during telophase

A

The nuclear envelope will reform in chromosomes decondense and MT breakdown and contract will form

39
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Forms two cells

40
Q

What happens in the G1 checkpoint?

A

They check for a presence of a growth factor and if it’s there, it goes to S phase
Not there then it goes to G0

41
Q

How do you get out of G0?

A

You will need a growth factor

42
Q

What questions are asked at G1 checkpoint

A

Is environmental favorable?
Is DNA damaged?
Is cell big enough?

43
Q

What happens in the S checkpoint and what questions are asked?

A

Goes to G2 or dies
Is DNA damaged?
Is DNA fully replicated?
Is the cell big enough?

44
Q

What happens at the G2 checkpoint?

A

Goes to myosis or dies

45
Q

What questions are asked in the mitosis checkpoint?

A

Are chromosomes aligned?
Are kinetichore MT attached to kinetichore ?

46
Q

What are the two proteins involved in regulation of the cell cycle?

A

Cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase

47
Q

When is cyclin generated?

A

It is generated late in the S phase through G2, for entry to M

48
Q

Does cdk concentration change?

A

No

49
Q

When is cdk active? Inactive?

A

Active with high [ ] cyclin, inactive with low [ ] cyclin

Cell Biology (10 decks)

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