Final Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
Define technology transfer.
A
Development of a technology product or process in one setting, which is then transferred for use in another setting.
2
Q
List four generic elements that may be used to determine a majority of the activities of technology transfer.
A
- Transfer item itself
- Technology supplier
- Recipient
- Technology transfer channel
3
Q
Describe how foreign direct investment works in relation to technology transfer.
A
- Primary channel for transport of technology (usually commercial)
- U.S. manufacturing plant establishes an offshore or overseas subsidiary in order to reduce contribution cost, avoid import tariffs, or decrease labor cost
4
Q
What is a turnkey plant?
A
When a technology provider construct a fully operational production plant for the recipient nation
5
Q
What is involved in a licensing agreement?
A
Patented process, trade secret, manufacturing permit, a trademark, or sales distribution rights
6
Q
Define entrepreneurial science.
A
A trend in which there is a convergence between basic and applied research, such that commercial opportunities emerge.
7
Q
Define reverse engineering.
A
Purchasing agent carefully disassembles, examines and eventually copies imported the technological device.
8
Q
What is meant by informal channels of technology transfer?
A
Noncommercial avenues for technology transfer
9
Q
What is meant by technology gap?
A
When some nations are leading the world in technology per suits while the rest are falling behind
10
Q
What five industries are identified by the OECD as high technology?
A
Aerospace, computer and office, machinery, communication equipment, pharmaceuticals, and scientific instruments
11
Q
What is the most commonly referenced statistic used to measure the development of a country?
A
Gross National Products (GNP)
12
Q
Define appropriate technology.
A
A technology that fits the cultural or social situation for which it is intended, without causing more problems than it solves.
13
Q
What are maquiladoras?
A
A foreign owned and operated assembly plant, most often along the U.S. - Mexico boarder, that imports components into Mexico, assembles them and reexports them to the U.S.
14
Q
Discuss imitation lag.
A
Time it takes foreign countries to obtain production capabilities to produce a new device, after lead nation begins producing the device.
15
Q
Discuss demand lag.
A
Time it takes for a technology to gain acceptance in foreign markets after it is introduced
16
Q
What countries did the PRC rely on for technology transfer in the 1950’s and then in the 1960’s?
A
- 1950—- Soviets
- 1960—- Japan and Western Europe
17
Q
What was India’s political position during the cold war?
A
They were independent outside the cold war struggle.
18
Q
What is/was the general feeling of the U.S. about selling technology to communist countries?
A
Against.
19
Q
In what two sectors do the Russians possess the potential for competitive advantage over the U.S.?
A
Aerospace and Space
20
Q
Through the 1980’s, the Indian government emphasized its preference for technology transfer investments in what forms?
A
Sales or licensing of technology
21
Q
What are three ways of evaluating the appropriateness of technology?
A
- Technical
- Cultural
- Economic
22
Q
Define appropriate technology.
A
Solves social problems without many adverse negative effects.
23
Q
Define renewable energy.
A
Sources of energy that are always available because we cannot run out.
24
Q
List seven forms of renewable energy.
A
- Thermal
- Biomass
- Geothermal
- Solar Photovoltaic
- Wind
- Hydroelectric
- Ocean
25
Define biomass energy.
Organic material used to supply energy
26
Currently, what percentage of the electricity produced in the U.S. is produced by hydropower?
7%
27
Which country has the highest percentage of power generated from geothermal source?
USA
28
Who leads the world in wind power?
Germany
29
List three methods, which have been reviewed seriously, for extracting energy from the seas.
- Wave power
- Tidal power
- Ocean thermal-energy conservation
30
What unique property do semiconductors have?
Can turn sunlight directly into electric current
31
Where was the thermal solar power project called Solar One constructed?
Mohave Desert in California
32
Define smart growth.
Development accommodating the needs of a community with out sacrificing the environment
33
Define new urbanism.
Middle-class movement into town living
34
What is the smartest city in terms of development?
Portland, Oregon
35
What are the main considerations of a green building?
- Energy efficiency
- Renewable energy
- Water conservation
- Waste minimization
36
What is the problem of making a house too air tight?
Air pollution inside building
37
List two materials that are considered Low Impact Materials.
- Rammed earth
| - Straw-bale
38
Honda has developed a fuel cell car. What is its name? What does it run on? And what does it emit?
FCX Clarity
Electricity
Water Vapor
39
What are the three broad goals of sustainable agriculture?
- Farm profitability
- Improvement of environment
- Increased quality of life for farmers and community
40
What are the main differences of integrated pest management as opposed to conventional pest control?
-IPM attempts to use ecologically sound non pesticide methods to produce and manage pest
41
The Electronic Waster Recycling Act was enacted in what year and state which requires a recycling fee on what electronic products?
2003, California
| Computer monitors, laptops, LCD and plasma tvs
42
Define agroecology.
Promoting sustainability and linking ecology, socioeconomics and culture to design of agricultural systems
43
What is the focus of ISO 14000?
Sustainable development emerging form the UN Conference on Environment and Development in the early 1990s
44
Define ethnobotany.
Science of investigating how indigenous people use plants in their lives as food, shelter, and medicine
45
Define technology equity.
Implies all technologies are available to and used by all socioeconomic segments in society
46
Define modern environmentalism.
Information-based perspective supporting the need for harmony between industrial objectives and environmental goals
47
What must almost every new construction project in the US include?
Environmental-impact analysis
48
List three common spaces.
- Ocean
- Antartica
- Extraterrestrial space
49
What agency is responsible for the regulation of pesticides in the US?
EPA
50
The Earth is made up of what percentage water and what percentage is fresh water?
71%, 3%
51
Where is most fresh water located?
North and South Pole as ice and snow
52
What gas is the cause of global warming?
CO2
53
Define greenhouse effect.
Heating of Earth's surface due to increased levels of CO2 in the upper atmosphere, which traps solar energy
54
What was developed in an tempt to standardize air pollution reporting?
Pollutant Standards Index (PSI)
55
What was PSI renamed in 2000 by the EPA?
Air Quality Index (AQI)
56
Define acid rain.
Presence of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere
57
In what countries is acid rain a serious environmental problems?
Canada, Scandinavia, Japan, and United States
58
List five indoor air pollutants.
- Carbon Monoxide
- Radon
- Formaldehyde
- Tabacco smoke
- Asbestos
59
Define Tropical Forest.
Forest in the humid, semiarid, and arid regions of the world
60
List three major potential cost of tropical deforestations as discussed by scientific and technical literature.
Severe changes in global weather patterns, loss of cultural and biotic diversity, desertification of the forest land
61
Define evapotranspiration.
Water removed from the soil by evaporation from leaf and plant surfaces
62
What is the common name for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and what is its purpose?
Superfund's purpose is to provide clean up at sites where hazardous water had been abandoned or previous hazardous-waste disposal procedures had already contaminated the environment
63
Define environmental release.
Accidental or deliberate release of a contained substance into natural ecosystem
64
Define terrorism.
Ability to use easily available technologies as tools of mass destruction
65
Define the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).
A military strategy denied to be a comprehensive R&D program to explore the possibilities of strategic defense
66
What type of military activity does the US spend a higher percentage of its total research money on?
Defense related research
67
What is the main concept of a First Strike?
Nuclear attack so powerful it leaves opponents inadequate to inflict substantial damage to the attacker
68
Define counter-force targeting.
A defensive strategy in which weapons are aimed at the military forces of the opponent, particularly at strategic or theater nuclear forces
69
Define counter-value targeting.
A defensie strategy in which weapons are aimed at soft targets, such as urban population center, industrial areas
70
What is it called when both sides of a conflict has the capability to absorb a first strike and deliver a retaliatory second strike which will inflict an unacceptable level of damage?
Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)
71
Discuss compellance.
Deployment of military power in order to get another nation to change its behavior and make the behavior more satisfactory to the aggressor
72
What is another name for swaggering?
Posturing.
73
Define SIOP.
Single Integrated Operational Plan
-US plan for the conduct of a nuclear war incorporating weapon- arrival and survival probabilities, weapons characteristics matched to target's damage criteria routing and timing of weapons, and modeling to reassure the plan's viability under various conditions
74
Give two specific occurrences of mid-intensity conflicts.
Operation Desert Storm & Afganistan
75
List five general examples of low-intensity conflicts.
Boarder skirmishes, internal battles, police work, civil uprising, and regional conflicts
76
What are NBC munitions?
Nuclear, biological, and chemical
77
What is the primary goal of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program?
Prevent widespread acquisition of the NBC weapons
78
What is NATO's main purpose?
Peacekeeping
79
Describe what a cluster bomb unit consists of?
Contain 100-1000 bomblets called Bomb Live Units (BLU)
80
Define chemical weapon.
Weapon using poisonous, asphyxiating, or other gases affecting humans when they are either inhaled or absorbed through the skin
81
Define biological weapon.
Weapon using a living organism, usually a pathogenic microorganism, for hostile purposes
82
List six agents that have been identities by the CDC as posing risk to our nations security.
- Bacillus anthracis
- Clostridium botulinum
- Versinia Pestis
- Variola Major
- Francisella Turarensis
- Viral Hemorrhegic fevers
83
List three dual-use chemicals and their dual purposes.
- Sodium sulphide; paper, mustard gas
- Diethyl phosphite; paint solvents, nerve agent
- Potassium biflouride; Ceramics, nerve agent
84
Define cyberterrorism.
Electronic disruption of military information or information in our homeland
85
List three examples of military projects that were funded by the "black budget."
Military Strategic Tactical and Relay systems and Advanced Cruise Missile
86
What is the name of the treaty that was signed in the early 1990s by President George Bush Sr. and President Boris Yeltsin with made provisions to further reduce intercontinental missiles?
START II
87
Define what being technologically illiterate means.
Not understanding general science and technology below average grasp of technology terminology in ones field
88
Why do people resist change?
- Too strong of a word
| - Might disrupt cultural values
89
List seven words that are less offensive referring to the process of change.
Education, training, modification, orientation guidance, indoctoration therapy
90
Social lag is usually brought on by lack of what?
Readiness
91
Define information overload.
Individuals inability to think clearly due to an excessive amount of cognitive stimulation
92
When a child learns the meaning of "in a few minutes" as opposed to "in a day or two" he/she has reached the ability to determine a length of time Toffler calls what?
Durational expectancies
93
What is the name of a concept suggesting it is almost a status symbol in our society to be constantly busy?
Busyness syndrome
94
Define instant gratification.
Increased conveniences that scientific and technological advancements afford have seemingly produced a culture of quickness
95
Do a majority of US citizens feel that both science & technology have made their lives healthier & easier?
YES
96
What is a simple explanation for "Quality of Live"?
Balance between what people need and want and the extent to which the environment can provide for them
97
____________ is an aspect of "blind faith" where an individual verbalizes implicit faith in the experts.
Immediate Acquiescence
98
____________ is when people go along with changes for fear of what mint happen to them if they resist.
Reluctant Acceptance
99
____________ is when people are willing to openly protest the technologies that they oppose.
Reactionist Rejection
100
____________ is where people don't want to be bothered with the boring or gory details.
Apathy
101
____________ is an example where people will go to extremes to avoid change.
Avoidance
102
____________ is how most of us wold like to respond to change, with agreement and harmony.
Accord
103
What is the name of a concept referring to humankind's dependance on any technological system or device the either is not understood or cannot be controlled?
Technology trap
104
Define a risk-benefit analysis.
An analysis that attempts to and use ultimately answer the question, "how safe is safe enough?"
105
Which activity or technology was rated as the most risky by experts?
Motor vehicles
106
Define "technological accordance."
Social behavior or attitude refers to the extent to which a social group is able to recognize and take advantage of the potential benefits of a technological breakthrough and simultaneous control any of its negative side effects
107
List four examples of "social institutions."
Schools, government, leagues, family
108
Explain what is meant by "family dinner" and indicate if you have to do experience them.
Commitment to family, meeting everyday to have supper together
109
What is different between a "family" and a "household"?
Family- people living together related by blood, marriage, or adoption
Household- one or more people who occupy a house, apartment, or residential unit
110
According to 2000 census data, nuclear families make up what percentage of households in the US?
Less than 25%
111
According to the book has childhood become more or less complicated?
MORE
112
List an example of how a "labor-saving" device can actually make task more difficult rather than easier.
Food processors- Chop food quickly, but by the time you clean it you've taken just as long
113
Based on an average from the 2000s do AMericans work more or less than their Western European counterparts?
MORE
114
The Vatican document "Instruction on Respect for Human life in its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation - Replies to Certain Questions of the Day" instructed governments around the world to ban what certain things?
Artificial procreation- Sperm banks, embryo banks, post-modern insemination, and surrogate motherhood
115
Science vs. Religion, what do scientist say according to the book?
Religion -Skews objective reasoning, fuel repressive moments, and stifles freedom of thought
116
Science & Religion, what do scientist say according to the book?
Science-pursued from an agnostic or atheistic base will continue to feed the ever-growing materialism in society and contribute to the violence of the modern age
117
Why do schools exist?
To educate and socialize the residents of a community, state, nation, or continent
118
Why is it important to be a "lifelong learner"?
Keep up with the changing technology
119
What is given to a computer program that reduces a large amount of information into a form of question-and-answer routines that would lead a learner through a logical progression to the correct response?
Expert Systems
120
What tow terms, coined in the 1980s, refer to using the remote control of a television to keep from watching commercials, and are you guilty of doing this?
Zapping and Zipping
121
What can a TV network do to contract zipping and zapping?
Imbed advertisements into programs
122
What is meant by "industrial recreation"?
Social trend that supports adult need for play, but recognizes the importance of organized leisure activities
123
What technology can be used to improve the perforce of duffers, hackers, & tournament players alike?
High speed video cameras, heart monitors
124
What is the name of the DuPont fiber that has the feel of cotton with a wicking ability that pulls moisture away from the body?
Thermax
125
What is the purpose of technology assessment?
Making projection about the future state of specific technologies so we can asses and plan for impacts on society
126
Which of the three types of research is most likely to utilize findings of pervious research and is directed toward the full-scale production of useful materials, devices, systems, or methods?
Basic research, applied research, development
127
Describe "data mining."
- Process of finding patterns and correlations in large amounts of data
- Fields lies behind the future of a fully personalized WWW on the internet and much more
128
Define "biometrics."
Technology that identifies humans based on unique characteristics, including fingerprints and iris scans
129
Define "heuristics."
Rules based on compilation of personal experiences over time, used to help guide problem solving exercises, in AI they are built into computer programs to enable machines to make educated guesses
130
List four examples of engineering ethics.
Integrity, honesty, candor, courage
131
Define "risk assessment."
Method of studying the risks of a new technology, material, or device so they can be better avoided, reduced, or otherwise managed
132
Identify the three phases of cause & effect relationship that the book explains.
1. Analysis figures how much substances there is
2. How much will people absorb
3. How much hazard does the substance poses
133
What is the problem with using an animal to determine the toxicity of a chemical to humans?
Animals and humans metabolize substances differently
134
Define what a future wheel projection technique is?
Entails a small-group brainstorming session in which the participants examine interrelated chains of events that might be consequential to a particular social trend or technology
135
Define what a content analysis is used for?
Reviewers keep close track of events as they happen, in order to make an accurate projection of major trends in the future
136
What type of study uses a group of experts and an intermediary to make long-range forecast of technological and societal developments?
Delphi Studies
