Final

Question 1

Gait speed red flag

Answer 1

</= .6 m/s

extremely frail
risk of death/hosp/falls
household walker
highly dependent

Question 2

Gait speed yellow flag

Answer 2

.6-1.0 m/s

cognitive decline in 5 years
work to reduce falls
risk of LE limitations/death/hosp w/in 1 year
limited community ambulator

Question 3

gait speed green flag

Answer 3

> 1.0 m/s

less likely to experience adverse events
able to do household activities
independent in self-care

Question 4

predictors of walking speed

Answer 4

LE strength/power
trunk muscle endurance
timing and coordination of gait
self-efficacy

Question 5

gait speed MCID

Answer 5

0.1 m/s

Gain predictive of well-being in those w/o normal walking speed

decrease predictive of poorer health status, increase disability/hosp stays/medical costs

Question 6

aerobic metabolism

Answer 6

requires O2
utilizes carbs, fats, proteins
occurs in mitochondria
byproducts: water and CO2
Yields ~36 ATP per glucose

Question 7

anaerobic metabolism

Answer 7

does not req O2
utilizes carbs only (glucose)
occurs in cytoplasm
byproduct is lactic acid
yields ~2 ATP per glucose

Question 8

Anaerobic threshold

Answer 8

Typically ~55% VO2max
Transition from aerobic to anaerobic metab –> begin to build up lactic acid

Clinically occurs at point of difficulty talking (hyperventilation; metabolic acidosis compensating with respiratory alkalosis)

Question 9

Factors affecting peak VO2

Answer 9

age
sex
genetics (muscle fiber type)
body composition
endurance training
diseases that affect oxygen transport (COPD)

Question 10

MET conversion

Answer 10

1 MET = tissue O2 requirement while the body is at rest

1 MET = 3.5 mLO2/kgmin (vo2)

Question 11

MET at moderate intensity

Answer 11

3-6

Question 12

MET at vigorous intensity

Answer 12

> 6

Question 13

Calculate activity requirements comparing METs to anaerobic threshold

Answer 13

Peak VO2 x % AT = anaerobic threshold

Convert METs to VO2 and compare

Question 14

VO2max cut offs

Answer 14

Threshold value for peak VO2 is 20 ml/kgmin

Social security considers <18 ml/kgmin (5 METs) disabled

Question 15

Karvonen HR formula

Answer 15

220-age = HRmax
+/- 10 bpm
Applicable to healthy individuals

Question 16

Tanaka HR formula

Answer 16

208 - (.7 x age) = HR max

Question 17

Target heart rate (THR)

Answer 17

THR = HRmax x % intensity

measures the intensity of work required to reach a cardiovascular training effect

Question 18

Heart rate reserve (HRR)

Answer 18

HRmax - HRrest = HRR

Question 19

Karvonen formula for THR

Answer 19

THR = (HRmax - HRrest)(50-80%) + HRrest

Takes into account that the resting HR of individuals varies with fitness level

May be most appropriate for older adults