Final Flashcards

1
Q

Morality

A

Beliefs regarding right and wrong, good and bad which can include judgments, rules, values, principles and theories.

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2
Q

Moral Principles

A

Moral claims or rules which are appealed to for decisions making.

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3
Q

Moral Values

A
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4
Q

Moral Codes

A

A set of principles or values that define and structure the moral life of a community.

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5
Q

Normative Ethics

A

The study of principles, rules, and actions that guide our moral judgements.

Explores the soundness and coherence of moral norms and truth claims, (KEY –>) especially those found in comprehensive moral systems.

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6
Q

Metaethics

A

The study of the meaning and logical structure of moral beliefs.

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7
Q

Applied Ethics

A

The application of ethics to moral norms to specific issues or moral cases, such as in law and medicine.

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8
Q

Rational Self-Interest

A

For Hobbes and social contract philosophy rational self-interest is the motivating factor which drives moral behavior.

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9
Q

Consequentialist Ethics

A

A normative principle of morality that is governed by maximizing good and minimizing pain.

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10
Q

Deontological Ethics

A

A normative principle of morality governed by duty or obligation.

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11
Q

Categorical Imperative

A

Refers to universally true moral principles and for Kant it is a way of determining whether a ethical statement or principle is universally true. “Act only according to those maxims which can be willed to become universal moral laws.” Morality within the limits of reason.

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12
Q

Alison Mary Jaggar

A

Established minimum conditions of adequacies for feminist ethics. Builds on Carol Gilligan’s work. She works to recover the moral considerations of the body and women.

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13
Q

Mary Ann Warren

A

A twentieth-century American philosopher who writes on abortion and animals rights. Claims there are 5 characteristics important to humanity’s idea of personhood: consciousness, the ability to reason, self-motivated activity, the capacity to communicate, and the presence of self-concepts and self-awareness. Claims that all five criteria must be present for a being to be considered a person.

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14
Q

Rosalind Hursthouse

A

A twentieth-century British born philosopher known for applying virtue ethics to the issue of abortion.

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15
Q

Voluntary Euthanasia

A

Euthanasia performed on a person at their discretion.

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16
Q

Advanced Directive

A

A legal document containing instructions of care pertaining to specific medical circumstances.

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17
Q

Non-voluntary euthanasia

A

Euthanasia performed on a person who is not competent to decide the issue and has left no instructions regarding end-of-life preferences. In such cases, family or physicians usually make the decision.

18
Q

Involuntary Euthanasia

A

Euthanasian performed on a person against their will, aka, murder.

19
Q

Active Euthanasia

A

Euthanasia performed by taking a direct action to cause someone’s death.

20
Q

Passive Euthanasia

A

Euthanasia performed by withholding or withdrawing measures necessary for sustaining life.

21
Q

Anthropocentrism

A

The notion that only humans have moral status.

22
Q

Zoocentrism

A

The notion that both human and non-human animals have moral status.

23
Q

Biocentrism

A

The notion that all living entities have moral status, whether sentient or not.

24
Q

Species Egalitarian

A

One who believes that all living things have equal moral status.

25
Q

Species Nonegalitarian

A

One who believes that some living things have greater moral status than others.

26
Q

Ecological Individualism

A

One who believes that the fundamental unit of moral consideration in environmental ethics is the individual.

27
Q

Ecological Holism

A

One who believes that the fundamental unit of moral consideration in environmental ethics is the biosphere and its ecosystems.

28
Q

Racism

A

The belief that distinct races exist, that significant differences (such as moral, intellectual, or cultural differences) among races can be distinguished, and that some races are inferior in these significant respects or otherwise deserving of dislike or hostility.

29
Q

Racial Prejudice

A

Antipathy toward a racial group based on a faulty view of that group.

30
Q

Racial Discrimination

A

Unfavorable treatment of people because of their race. Discrimination and prejudice can be directed at traits other than race, including sexual traits.

31
Q

Individual Racism

A

Person-to-person acts of intolerance or discrimination.

32
Q

Structural Racism

A

Unequal treatment that arises from the way organizations, institutions, and social systems operate.

33
Q

Affirmative Action

A

A way of making amends for, or eradicating, discrimination based on race, ethnicity, and gender.

34
Q

Strong Affirmative Action

A

The use of policies and procedures to favor particular individuals because of their race, gender, or ethnic background.

35
Q

Weak Affirmative Action

A

The use of policies and procedures to end discriminatory practices and ensure equal opportunity.

36
Q

Punishment

A

The deliberate and authorized causing of pain or harm to someone thought to have broken the law.

37
Q

Retributivism

A

The view that offenders deserve to be punished, or “paid back,” for their crimes and to be punished in proportion to the severity of their offenses.

38
Q

Judith Jarvis Thomson’s Violinist Analogy (Arguing in favor of abortion)

A

You wake up in the morning and find yourself back to back in bed with an unconscious violinist. A famous unconscious violinist. He has been found to have a fatal kidney ailment, and the Society of Music Lovers has canvassed all the available medical records and found that you alone have the right blood type to help. They have therefore kidnapped you, and last night the violinist’s circulatory system was plugged into yours, so that your kidneys can be used to extract poisons from his blood as well as your own. The director of the hospital now tells you, “Look, we’re sorry the Society of Music Lovers did this to you—we would never have permitted it if we had known. But still, they did it, and the violinist now is plugged into you. To unplug you would be to kill him. But never mind, it’s only for nine months. By then he will have recovered from his ailment, and can safely be unplugged from you.”

39
Q

Don Marquis’s Deprivation Argument (against abortion)

A

Marquis claims abortion, in most cases, is akin to killing any other human because it deprives them of the potential of their life.

40
Q

Dan Brock’s Argument for Active Voluntary Euthanasia

A

If self-determination is a fundamental value, then the great variability among people on this question makes it especially important that individuals control the manner, circumstances, and timing of their dying and death.

41
Q
A