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Moral Philosophy (PHI 220) > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is morality?

A

Morality concerns beliefs about right and wrong, good and bad and includes judgements, rules, values, principles and theories.

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2
Q

What is Ethics?

A

Ethics is the philosophically study of morality.

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3
Q

What is Metaethics?

A

Metaethics is the study of meaning and the logical structure of moral beliefs.

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4
Q

What is Normative Ethics?

A

Normative Ethics is the study of the principles, ruels, or theories that guide our actions and judgements.

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5
Q

What is Applied Ethics?

A

Applied Ethics concerns the application of moral norms to specific moral issues or cases, particularly those in a profession such as medicine or law.

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6
Q

What is Descriptive Ethics?

A

The scientific study of moral beliefs and practices.

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7
Q

What is Moral Objectivism?

A

Moral Objectivism is a moral stance which claims that moral truths exist and that they do so independently of what individuals or societies think of them.

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8
Q

Who was Plato?

A

Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher and student of Socrates who is the main character in his Euthyphro Dilemma.

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9
Q

What are Moral Codes?

A

Cultural or community’s body of moral principles.

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10
Q

What are Moral Principles?

A

A moral principle is a moral rule which could be invoked.

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11
Q

What are Moral Values?

A

Refer to moral traits or values such as fairness.

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12
Q

What is the Euthyphro Dilemma?

A

A dialogue written by Plato in which Socrates presents Euthyphro with a moral dilemma by asking him:

“Are actions right because God wills them or does God will them because they are right?”

It raises questions about morality when morality is rooted in Divine Command.

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13
Q

What is Divine Command Theory?

A

A theory which believes right actions are those that are commanded by God.

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14
Q

What is the Dunning-Kruger Effect?

A

The common human failing of being ignorant of how ignorant we are.

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15
Q

What is Emotivism?

A

The view that moral utterances are neither true nor false but are expressions of emotions or attitudes.

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16
Q

What is Ethical Egoism?

A

A theory which posits that the morally right action is the one that produces the most favorable balance of good over evil for oneself.

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17
Q

What is Cultural Relativism?

A

The view that an action is morally right if one’s culture approves of it.

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18
Q

What is Subjective Relativism?

A

The view that an action is morally right if one approves of it.

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19
Q

What is Act-egoism?

A

The theory that to determine right action, you must apply the egoistic principle to individual acts.

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20
Q

What is Rule-egoism?

A

The theory that to determine right action, you must see if an act falls under a rule that, if consistently followed, would maximize your self-interest.

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21
Q

What is Psychological Egoism?

A

A view that the motive for all our actions is self-interest.

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22
Q

Who was Aj Ayers?

A

A 20th century philosopher and proponent of Emotivism.

23
Q

Who was Ruth Benedict?

A

A 20th century philosopher and ethicist who wrote Anthropology and the Abnormal which makes a case for Cultural Relativism.

24
Q

Who was James Rachels?

A

A contemporary 20th century philosopher who wrote Why Morality is not Relative which argues against Cultural Relativism.

25
Q

What is an Implied Premise?

A

A statement needed for the logical form of an argument that is assumed in an argument but not explicitly stated.

26
Q

What is a Deductive Argument?

A

An argument where if the premises are true then the conclusion NECESSARILY follows.

27
Q

What is an Inductive Argument?

A

An argument where if the premises are true the conclusion is LIKELY to follow.

28
Q

What is a Sound Argument?

A

A deductive argument that is valid and has true premises.

29
Q

What is a valid argument?

A

A deductive argument in which the conclusion follows the premises.

30
Q

What is a Cogent Argument?

A

An inductive argument which has true premises and is strong.

31
Q

What is a Strong Argument?

A

An inductive argument with provides probable support for its conclusion.

32
Q

What is Hedonic Calculus?

A

A moral equation developed by Act-utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham to calculate the greatest good of individual actions.

33
Q

What is Social Contract Theory or Contractarianism?

A

A political theory which believes that morality arises from a social contract that self-interested and rational people would abide by in order to secure a degree of peace, prosperity, and safety.

34
Q

What is the Straw Man fallacy?

A

A fallacy of misrepresenting someone’s claim or argument so it can be more easily refuted.

35
Q

What is Utilitarianism?

A

A theory asserting that the morally right action is the one that produces the most favorable balance of good over evil, everyone considered.

36
Q

What is a Hypothetical Imperative?

A

An imperative that tells us what we should do if we have certain desires.

Proposed by Non consequentialist Emmanuel Kant.

37
Q

What is a Categorical Imperative?

A

An imperative which much be acted upon no matter one’s wants and needs.

Proposed by Emmanuel Kant.

38
Q

What is Rational Self-interest?

A

A term used in Non consequentialists ethics and is at the root of what makes an action moral, i.e., that is actions that are in one’s self-interest BUT not immediately desirable.

39
Q

What is Natural Law Theory?

A

A theory asserting that the morally right action is the one that follows the dictates of nature.

40
Q

What is Altruism?

A

An idea widely discussed which concerns a truly unselfish act.

41
Q

What is Consequentialism?

A

A theory asserting that what makes an action right is its consequences.

42
Q

Who was Jeremy Bentham?

A

A British enlightenment philosopher who pioneered Utilitarianism and defined the principle of Utility.

43
Q

What is a virtue?

A

A stable disposition to act and feel according to some ideal or model of excellence.

44
Q

What are some of the intellectual virtues Aristotle identifies?

A

Wisdom, prudence, rationality, etc.

45
Q

What are some of the moral virtues of Aristotle?

A

Fairness, benevolence, honesty, loyalty, conscientiousness, and courage.

46
Q

What is Aristotle’s Golden Mean principle?

A

The Golden Mean signifies a balance between behavioral extremes. For example, courage is the Golden Mean which exists between foolhardiness (an excess of courage) and cowardice (a deficit of courage).

47
Q

What is Begging the Question?

A

A circular argument where a statement is used as both a premise and a conclusion.

48
Q

What is Equivocation?

A

Applying two different meanings to the same term in an argument.

49
Q

What is a Slippery Slope?

A

A fallacy that uses dubious premises to argue doing a particular action will inevitably lead to other actions that will result in disaster, so the first action cannot be done.

50
Q

What is a Faulty Analogy?

A

Using an analogy to argue for a conclusion, essentially claiming that because two things are alike in some ways that they are alike in additional ways.

51
Q

What is an Appeal to Ignorance?

A

Using the absence of evidence as entitlement to believe a claim.

52
Q

What is a Availability Error?

A

The tendency to rely on evidence not because it’s reliable but because it’s vivid or memorable.

53
Q

What is Motivated Reasoning?

A

Reasoning for the purpose of supporting a predetermined conclusion, not to uncover the truth.

54
Q
A

Moral Philosophy (PHI 220) (2 decks)

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