Final Flashcards by Elizabeth Astudillo

The 20 amino acid coded for in the human genome have a very similar structure, but each differs from another in the

A) number of central carbon atoms
B) structure of the R chain
C) number of carboxyl groups
D) size of amino group
E) number of peptide bonds in the molecule

B) structure of the R chain

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Elements that have atoms with 1 or 2 electrons in their valence shell

A) frequently form hydrogen bonds
B) will normally form aminos
C) are inert gases that will not react
D) will normally form cations

D) will normally form cations

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A neurotransmitter binds to a cellular protein and results in the facilitated diffusion of Na+ ions into the cell. The charge inside the cell becomes more positive. This protein is an example of a

A) sodium -potassium pump
B) ligand-gated channel
C) mechanically-gated channel
D) voltage-gated channel

B) ligand-gated channel

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A gland in which part of the cell breaks off and is secreted is called a(n)

A) eccrine gland
B) ceruminous gland
C) sebaceous gland
D) apocrine gland
E) holocrine gland

D) apocrine gland

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The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a

A) carbohydrate
B) lipid
C) protein
D) nucleic acid
E) glycoprotein

A) carbohydrate

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Striations and uninuclear cells are found in cardiac muscle

A) true
B) false

A) true

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During mitosis, chromosomes are split at the centromere during

A) prophase
B) metaphase
C) anaphase
D) telophase

C) anaphase

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In a thermoregulatory negative feedback loop, the effector could be

1 blood vessel 2 temperature receptors 3 muscles 4 the brain 5 sweat glands

A) 1,4, & 5
B) 1,3 & 5
C) 2,3 &5
D) 3,4 &5
E) 1,3 &4

B) 1,3 & 5

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the fiber type that would be most abundant in the bone marrow would be

A) elastic
B) collagen
C) reticular
D) muscle
E) actin

C) reticular

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Which of the following is the major action cation inside of cells?

hydrogen
sodium
nitrogen
potassium
chlorine

potassium

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Squamous cell carcinoma arises from which layer of the skin?

dermis
stratum basale
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum

stratum spinosum

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A chemical bond which involves the equal sharing of electrons would be considered (2)

covalent
ionic
polar
non-polar
hydrogen

covalent and non-polar

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Neutral fats contain three fatty acids and a molecule of

glucose
glycogen
glycoprotien
glycerol
cholesterol

glycerol

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A shortage of cholesterol in the body could interfere with the formation of (2)

sex hormones
proteins
plasma membranes
glycogen

sex hormones and plasma membranes

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The intercellular junction type that allows solutes to pass from cell to cell are called

desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
gap junctions
tight junctions
zonula adherens

gap junctions

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The cell grows and stores nutrients for cell division during which phase of the cell cycle

G1 phase
G2 phase
prophase
G0 phase
S phase

G2 phase

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Which of the following is an epithelium that forms the lining of the alveoli in the lungs

simple transitional
simple columnar
simple squamous
simple cuboidal

simple squamous

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The most important first aid treatment for severe burn victims is

debridement
skin grafting
cooling the wound
fluid and electrolyte replacement
antibiotics

fluid and electrolyte replacement

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Which vestigial muscle attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps

sebaceous muscles
piloerector muscles
levator follicle
papillary muscles

piloerector muscles

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An actively secreting call found in elastic cartilage tissue is called a

chondrocyte
elastoblast
fibroblast
chondroblast
fibrocyte

chondroblast

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The embryonic germ later that gives rise to the nervous system is the

endoderm
ectoderm
periderm
mesoderm
mesenchyme

ectoderm

Tissue growth due to increase in cell number is called

metaplasia
hypertrophy
differentiation
hyperplasia
atrophy

hyperplasia

The deltoid ligament of the ankle is also known as the ___ ligament

medial collateral
lateral collateral
annular
calcaneal

medial collateral

You are about to lift a heavy TV set. The short period of time where your muscle are building tension but have not yet started to shorten would be considered

isometric
concentric
latent
isotonic

isometric

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin d3) is converted to calcidiol in liver thyroid epidermis kidneys

liver

in endochondral ossification, the secondary ossification center occurs in the diaphysis epiphyses mesenchyme epiphyseal plate

epiphyses

At the neuromuscular junction, the voltage-gated Ca++ channels are located on the synaptic cleft axon terminal terminal cisternae motor endplate

axon terminal

The movement of sodium ions into the muscle cell moves the electrical charge inside the cell in the positive direction. called repolarization hyperpolarization depolarization coupling

depolarization

A hormones that decreases the activity of osteoclasts is thyroid hormone parathyroid hormone calcitriol calcitonin

calcitonin

By plantarflexing your ankle, you will __ stand back on your heels turn your big toes laterally stand on the medial margins of your feet stand on your toes

stand on your toes

The cardiac, pulmonary, and esophagel plexuses are formed by fibers of the ___ nerve accessory vagus facial glossopharyngeal sacral

vagus

In____ several EPSPs occur simultaneously from different synapses to depolarize a neuron to threshold recruitment spatial summation synaptic potentiation temporal summation

spatial summation

In the spinal cord, the two "wings" of gray matter are connected by the gray commisure gray ramus central sulcus central canal

gray commisure

the blood-CSF barrier consists of tight junctions in the ependymal cells astrocytes schwann cells oligodendrocytes

ependymal cells

A signal from a receptor in the stomach wall would travel to the CNS by neurons in the ___ division visceral sensory somatic sensory somatic motor visceral motor

visceral sensory

Bundles of myelinated axons entering the cerebrum from the brainstem are called commissural tracts association tracts corticospinal tracts projection tracts

projection tracts

_____ are glial cells that line the ventricles of the brain Ependymal cells Satellite cells astrocytes Schwann cells oligodendrocytes

Ependymal cells

Which hormone is essential to our ability to maintain our fluid levels? cortisol insulin aldosterone thyroxine

aldosterone

Adult onset diabetes, diabetes type 2, can best be described using which of the following concepts? A) Constantly high blood sugar leads to the release of glucagon. Glucagon causes gluconeogenesis, which makes blood sugar higher. B) Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High levels of insulin cause up-regulation of insulin receptors. C) Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors. D) Constantly high blood sugar leads to glucagon release. Glucagon is an antagonist to insulin, leading to a decrease in insulin.

C) Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors.

Which of the following brain structures would cause central diabetes insipidus if it were damaged? pons hypothalamus cerebellum cerebrum

hypothalamus

Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels? thyroid pituitary adrenal parathyroid

parathyroid

Hypocalcemia could be caused by the ______. apoptosis of parathyroid cells failure of osteoclasts to respond to PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone) malfunction of the parathormone receptors in kidney tubule cells All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

In which type of axon will velocity of action potential conduction be the fastest? View Available Hint(s)for Part F Myelinated axons with the smallest diameters Unmyelinated axons of the shortest length Unmyelinated axons with the largest diameter Myelinated axons with the largest diameter

Myelinated axons with the largest diameter

Where in the neuron is an action potential initially generated? View Available Hint(s)for Part A axon hillock anywhere on the axon soma and dendrites

axon hillock

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone, or area, with the class of hormones it produces? zona reticularis: aldosterone medulla: glucocorticoids zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids zona fasciculata: catecholemines

zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids

Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ________. insulin aldosterone cortisol secretin

cortisol

What is the target organ of thyroid hormones' metabolic effects? hypothalamus thyroid anterior pituitary cells of the body

thyroid

If a person’s parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result? Less calcium is placed in the urine by the kidneys. Vitamin D levels in the blood drop. More calcium is present in feces.

Less calcium is placed in the urine by the kidneys.

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? activation of osteoclasts increased calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys inhibition of calcitonin synthesis increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions

inhibition of calcitonin synthesis