Final Flashcards
(309 cards)
1
Q
public speaking definition
A
speech in, by, and for the public
2
Q
public definition
A
the presence of something before or in the hands of the community, what we might think of as the people
3
Q
public discourse definition
A
the ongoing, simultaneous conversations community members have with each other about how to maintain and remake the world
4
Q
aspects of public speaking
A
-form of communication
-always goal oriented
-personal, professional, and public dimensions
-is cultural
-a form of free expression
-an ethical undertaking
5
Q
communication definition
A
the exchange of symbols between people in an effort to understand or influence each other’s perception of the world
6
Q
standard model of communication
A
a holistic attempt to account for the major attributes that are at work in most communication interactions
7
Q
parts of the standard model of communication
A
Sender: person who initiates communication
Message: a form of symbolic representation that contains information
Channels: the diverse forms in which media messages travel
Receiver: person for which the sender prepares a message and from whom the sender expects a response
8
Q
SMoC encoding
A
the work that a sender does to a message to put it into a format appropriate for communication in a particular situation
9
Q
SMoC decoding
A
the work the receiver does to translate the speaker’s encoding into a format they can interpret and understand
10
Q
SMoC feedback
A
the verbal and non-verbal signals a receiver provides a sender in the course of communicating
11
Q
SMoC noise
A
anything that interferes with the successful transmission of a message
12
Q
what are the 6 basic forms of communication
A
intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, organizational, mass, public
13
Q
Intrapersonal communication
A
communication that takes place within a person’s own mind, primarily through thinking and internal dialogue
14
Q
Interpersonal communication
A
communication that takes place between two to three people and typically concerns the creation, maintenance, or disillusion of personal relationship
15
Q
Group communication
A
communication that takes place among a small group of people, particularly teams, and is often focused on the completion of a task
16
Q
Organizational communication
A
communication that takes place within and between large institutions and their members
17
Q
mass communication
A
communication that takes place through media of many kinds, including television, film, and social or print media, and is transmitted to large audiences
18
Q
Public communication
A
communication that takes place between a speaker and an audience with the aim of engaging that audience on a topic of shared concern about the public interest
(always done in a public setting)
19
Q
minor goals definition
A
small, targeted tasks that the speaker hopes to achieve over the course of a speech in order to improve its effectiveness
20
Q
primary goals definition
A
the single, focused, overarching achievement the speaker hopes to attain with her audience by the end of the speech in order to be successful
21
Q
What is the primary goal of all speeches
A
to persuade
22
Q
What are the four primary goals of our speeches
A
to persuade the audience
- to learn important information about a new topic
- to consider perspectives other than their own
- to adopt a solution to a public problem advocated for by the speaker
- to value the life and experiences of another person
23
Q
thesis statement
A
single, declarative sentence in which the speaker makes the central, overarching argument of their entire speech
24
Q
oral traditions
A
earliest practices of speechmaking and storytelling by which societies shared and passed on histories, common sense, and culture
25
dominant paradigm of public speaking
the belied that effective public speaking should only be formal, be rational, emphasize Western values, and be practiced almost exclusively by white men
26
multicultural paradigm of public speaking
acknowledges that there are many speaking traditions and ways in which those traditions can be integrated or used independently in order to do effective and confident public speaking
27
cultures definition
socially created practices and values for understanding the world
28
free expression
an exercise of the human right to share ideas and opinions with others without interference from governments or other forms of authority
29
what are the free speech exceptions
incitement, defamation (slander and libel)
30
incitement definition
speech that advocates the use of force in a lawless and immediate way
31
defamation definition
a knowingly false statement made in public that harms the reputation of another person or entity
32
slander
when defamation that occurs in speech
33
libel
defamation that occurs in print or visual media
34
hate speech
speech that offends, threatens, or insults groups, based on race, color, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, disability, or other traits
35
why is hate speech protected
the principle matters, who decides, minorities suffer the most
36
morals
the personal and consistent principle that individuals use to determine what is good and bad
37
ethics
socially defined expectation of good and bad behavior, which are almost always variable by context
38
what values should a speaker prioritize
accuracy, honesty, transparency, empathy, vulnerability, accountability, authenticity, consistency
39
demagogue
a speaker who appeals to popular prejudices rather than reason and argument
40
post-truth society
a world in which people are willing to believe only their own interpretation of the world, even when there are no facts to support that the world actually exists in that way
41
difference
the various ways in which people's experiences in and understanding of the world are expressed in their sense of self and others
42
pluralistic society
a society constituted by many different kinds of people who believe many different kinds of things yet work in common cause and tolerance for the betterment of the community as a whole
43
political correctness
the belief that language and behaviors that offend marginalized communities in a given society should be curtailed and replaced with statements and acts that affirm these communities place in that society
44
safe spaces
locations, places, and sites in the world in which individuals and communities can take refuge from opinions, expectations, and assumptions other people make about them
45
brave spaces
sites in which we emphasize the need for courage rather than the illusion of safety in public discourse
46
mistakes in speaking across difference
generalizing our experience, bias, stereotyping, ethnocentrism, speaking for others, only seeing one side of a person, defensive speaking and listening, disengagement
47
strategies for speaking across difference
listen to criticism, admit mistakes, and grow, use inclusive language, speak for yourself and invite others to speak, take up less time and space, be open-minded, be self-reflective, ask questions but do your work first
48
public speaking anxiety (glossophobia)
a common form of nervousness people feel before, during, and/or after speaking before groups of people in a public setting
49
communication apprehension
a broad term for the many types of anxieties people have about communication in general
50
trait anxieties
produce anxiousness around general categories of human experience because of our distinct personalities or experiences
51
State anxiety
anxiety about communication that is linked to a particular situation, circumstance, or moment
51
strategies for managing speaking anxiety
-pick a topic you know and care about
-prepare in advance
-practice
-give yourself flexibility
-select date and time
-know speech requirements
-get to know audience
-visit speech site in advance
-be well rested
-introduce comfort items
-be realistic
51
dimensions of a speaking situation
the speaker
the audience
the occasion
the time
the environment
the immediacy
52
audience analysis
an assessment of members of the audience's identities, interests, and beliefs that can help the speaker shape their message
53
demographic survey
a written document that asks the audience to provide the speaker with information about the audience's race, class, gender identity, sexual orientation, or other similar information
54
informant survey
reaching out to the speech organizer and asking that person for their assessment of the likely audience makeup
55
visual survey
quickly judging based on what they can see what kinds of people are in the audience
56
hand survey
where the speaker asks the audience to raise their hand if they fall into a particular category or have had a particular experience
57
argument
a well-supported and well-reasoned assertation about the world as it is or should be
58
claim
a statement that conveys a person's sense of how the world is or how it should be
59
thesis statement
a single, declarative sentence in which the speaker makes the central, overarching argument of their entire speech
60
main points
the claims that undergird and support our thesis statement
61
sub-points
the smaller assertions we make about the world in support of our main points
62
evidence
credible information about the world that can be used to support a claim
63
inartistic forms of proof
definition, testimony, statistics, laws, contracts, oaths, narratives
64
definition
the establishes meaning and interpretation of a term
65
testimony
public statements made by a witness that describe an event, idea, or situation
66
statistics
scientifically significant sets of data on a subject of public concern
67
laws, contracts, and oaths
binding agreements and documents affirmed through the law or the word of another person
68
narratives
a story that sheds light on an issue or exemplifies a point
69
artistic forms of proof
ethos, pathos, logos
70
logos
when a speaker presents their information in a clear and logical manner
71
ethos
the credibility of a speaker, particularly their ethics, character, and experiences
72
pathos
the use of emotional appeals by the speaker
73
warrant
a form of reasoning that connects evidence to a claim
74
types of warrants
induction, deduction, cause, analogy, sign
75
induction
reasoning that uses a number of specific cases to draw a general conclusion or claim
76
deduction
uses a general principle to reason what happened in a particular case
77
cause
showing that a person, event, or object reasonably produced a change in the world
78
analogy
a form of reasoning that works by identifying the same kind of relationship between multiple kinds of persons, objects, events, or items
79
sign
pointing to something that signifies the presence of something else
80
what are the secondary dimensions of argument
backing, qualifier, rebuttal
81
backing
evidence that shows that the speaker's reasoning is credible, authoritative, and makes sense
82
qualifier
a statement of the degree to which the speaker is certain that a claim is true or valid
83
rebuttal
a statement that acknowledges the circumstances under which the speaker's argument would no longer be valid
84
logical fallacies
unreasonably structures arguments that seek to make poor arguments appear to be good arguments
85
what are the logical fallacies
ad hominem, bandwagon, slippery slope, what-about-ism, false dilemma, false cause, red herring, strawman,
86
ad hominem
attacks a person instead of challenging the person's argument
87
bandwagon
claims that something should be done just because it is popular
88
slippery slope
a claim that a small and reasonable step will inevitably lead to the most severe and outlandish outcome
89
what-about-ism
speaker's attempts to avoid criticism by suggesting the critic is actually just as guilty or wrong as the speaker
90
false dilemma
present two options to the audience as their only possible choices when there are actually multiple choices
91
False cause
just because one event happened prior to another event, the first event must have caused the second event
92
hasty generalization
pervert the logic of induction to advance an unethical claim
93
red herring
the speaker introduces information or ideas into an argument to confuse or distract from the information that actually matters
94
strawman
a speaker intentionally mischaracterizes the position of their opponent and then attacks their opponent for that position
95
research
the act of considering, finding, and collecting ideas and evidence in support of claims about the world
96
ideas for brainstorming
randomization, free association, mindlessness, be in nature, study abstract art, check news and trending
97
what should be the characteristics of a thesis?
short, declarative, interesting, goal-oriented, manageable
98
academic sources
research that is produced by professional scholars and published in peer-reviewed academic outlets
99
non-academic sources
ideas, reporting, and opinions from writers, critics, leaders, and community members that express their viewpoint or experience
100
restricted research
online research conducted through libraries and databases that are not accessible to the general public for free
101
infotainment
online and TV personalitites that use the news to produce content to entertain, enrage, or work up audiences for profit
102
global plagiarism
taking another person's complete work and attempting to pass it off as your own
103
incremental plagiarism
the taking of a short line or small amount of information from another person's work without proper citation
104
patchwork plagiarism
the taking of statements or ideas from many different people's work and combining them into your own work without proper citation
105
self-plagiarism
the unauthorized reuse of one's own work in multiple places or publication outlets
106
organization
the inclusion and arrangement of key elements of a speech
107
structures
parts of a speech that do particular tasks and work together to achieve the goal of the speech
108
order
the manner in which the component structures of a speech are arranged to achieve a particular speech's goal
109
ephemeral
it is said an then it disappears immediately, out of sight out of mind unless what we say leaves an impression
110
ordering principles
general rules about order that are shaped by human psychology and experience
111
primacy principle
whichever point or idea in your speech is the strongest or most important should go first
112
recency principle
whichever point or idea in your speech is the strongest or most important should go last
113
ordering patterns
prefabricated methods of ordering points that are applied to the entirety of a speech
114
chronological pattern
ordering main points by time, step, or process
115
spatial pattern
ordering your main points by location, juxtaposition, or hierarchy
116
circular pattern
ordering your main points as proceeding through a cycle or by returning to the beginning
117
narrative pattern
ordering your main points as a story
118
topoi
common lines of argument that a good speaker can go to that are applicable for almost any topic or subject matter
119
what are the common topoi
possible/impossible
cause and effect
past fact/future fact
120
preparation outline
an outline that includes a complete accounting of all the information the speaker wants to provide in their speech in full and complete sentences
121
keyword outline
an appreviated version of the preparation outline that includes key words, phrases, ideas, and evidence that can jog the speaker's mind
122
style
the ways in which the speaker uses language to advance their message
123
language
should be understood as one of the most prevalent symbolic systems human beings use to create and share meaning about their world, and ultimately to change it
124
symbols
written, spoken, or visual representations that stand in for or represent something else
125
semantic triangle of meaning
one person uses a word (symbol) that represents a thought about a thing that exists in the world (referent)
126
speaking for clarity
a style of speech in which the speaker uses simple words, basic sentence structure, and ample definitions in order to teach the audience about something they do not know
127
what are the aspects of speaking for clarity
definition, directness, simplicity
128
speaking for entertainment
a speaking style that uses complex word play and ambiguity in order to give an audience a sense of joy
129
aspects of speaking for entertainment
ambiguity, irony, self deprecation
130
ambiguity
the undefined, unclear, a vague description of a problem
131
irony
a trope in which the speaker implies a meaning different or opposite of the literal meaning
132
speaking for eloquence
a style of speaking in which the speaker uses beautiful, poetic, and complex language in order to inspire the audience to action
133
aspects of speaking for eloquence
metaphor, simile, alliteration, parallelism
134
parallelism
the repetition of a particular wording across multiple, adjacent sentences
135
Dimensions of delivery
eye contact, facial expressions, articulation, pronunciation, rate, vocal variety, posture, breathing and volume, gestures, proxemics
136
proxemics
the ways in which speakers use space to advance their speaking situation
137
emphatic gestures
a relatively benign use of the hand to motion or signal that a point in the speech merits the audience's attention
138
illustrative gesture
the form of the gesture itself has a meaning that is distinct from the speaker's words
139
speaking aid
a wide array of artifacts and tools at the disposal of the speaker to aid them in amplifying the message of their speech
140
kinds of speaking aids
visual aid, audio aid, hepatic aid, olfactory aid, environmental aid, digital aid
141
visual aid
a speaking aid that appeals to the audience in visual forms in order to convey, emphasize, or amplify the verbal message of a speech
142
visual aggregation tools
software programs that gather, collect, and modify different kinds of visual information and mediums into a single stream for displaying to an audience
143
hepatic aid
speaking aids that rely on touch, textures, and the ability to encounter the authentic and genuine
144
environmental aid
speaking aids that can be pointed to or invoked in the space a speech is delivered in
145
factors to use speaking aids safely and ethically
timely use, space and occasion appropriate, distraction-free, safe and legal
146
informative speaking
the form of speaking that empowers others to decide or act
147
objectivity
the belief that speakers can address a topic without allowing their personal viewpoint and beliefs to shape or interfere with the information they provide an audience
148
examples of informative speaking
briefings, public advisories, testimony, lectures, tutorials
149
deliberation
the mindful and thorough investigation of public problems and policy solutions through speech
150
public deliberation
a form of communication that features open spaces for citizens to come together, good and fair information to help structure the conversation, and skilled facilitators to guide the process
151
wicked problems
problems that have no technical solutions, primarily because they involve competing underlying values and paradoxes that require either tough choices between opposing goods or innovative ideas that can transcend the inherent tensions
152
tips for facilitating a dialogue
prepare dialogue questions in advance
ask open-ended questions
pause for participation
encourage wide participation
encourage the audience to use the language of the speech
actively ask for opposing viewpoints
actively seek out values that you did not mention
153
policy speech
a speech in which the speaker identifies a problem of public concern and advocates a particular course of action to resolve or minimize that problem
154
confirmation bias
people's tendency to take evidence that confirms their existing views at face value while being highly critical and suspicious of information that challenges their existing view of an issue
155
partisanship
the knee-jerk belief that the best policy is whatever policy is advocated for by those who share a political affiliation
156
identity-protective cognition
people process information about the world so that it confirms their own ideas about who they are
157
authoritarian dynamic
people's psychological tendency to demand strict traditionalism, security, and limitations of permissiveness and change in the face of perceived risk to themselves and their values
158
backfire effect
correcting a person's misperceptions about a policy actually leads them to believe that misperception more deeply
159
what are successful ways to persuade?
relevance and engagement, repetition, empathy and perspective-taking, moral reframing, anticipating counter-arguments and disadvantages
160
moral reframing
using the audience's moral perspectives to persuade them to adopt a different policy position
161
examples of policy speeches
campaign policy, legislative debate, advocacy groups
162
organization of a policy speech
problem solution
problem-cause-solution
comparative advantage
monroe's motivated sequence
163
compatative advantage
speaker aims two contrasting policies against each other
164
monroe's motivated sequence
attention step, need step, satisfaction stem, visualization step, action step
165
skills for a Q & A session
competence, collaboration, control, common sense
166
loaded question
questions with assumptions already built into the question
167
question types to watch out for in a Q & A session
loaded questions, complex questions, vague questions, non-question/open disagreement
168
commemorative speech
a speech that praises a person or action as exemplary of a community value
169
speech of value
an address in which the speaker sets out a particular admirable belief as meriting adoption by the audience
170
the presence of something before or in the hands of the community, what we might think of as the people
public
171
the ongoing, simultaneous conversations community members have with each other about how to maintain and remake the world
public discourse
172
the exchange of symbols between people in an effort to understand or influence each other's perception of the world
communication
173
a holistic attempt to account for the major attributes that are at work in most communication interactions
standard model of communications
174
the work the sender does to a message to put it into a format appropriate for communication in a particular situation
encoding
175
the work the receiver does to translate the speaker's encoding into a format they can interpret and understand
decoding
176
the verbal and non-verbal signals a receiver provides a sender in the course of communicating
feedback
177
anything that interferes with the successful transmission of a message
noise
178
communication that takes place within a person's own mind, primarily through thinking and internal dialogue
intrapersonal communication
179
communication that takes place between two or three people and typically concerns the creation, maintenance, or disillusion of personal relationship
interpersonal communication
180
communication that takes place among a small group of people, particularly teams, and is often focused on the completion of a task
group communication
181
communication that takes place within and between large institutions and their members
organizational communication
182
communication that takes place through media of many kinds, including television, film, and social or print media, and is transmitted to large audiences
mass communication
183
communication that takes place between a speaker and an audience with the aim of engaging that audience on a topic of shared concern about the public interest
public communication
184
small, targeted tasks that the speaker hopes to achieve over the course of a speech in order to improve its effectiveness
minor goals
185
the single, focuses, overarching achievement the speaker hopes to attain with her audience by the end of the speech in order to be successful
primary goals
186
single, declarative sentence in which the speaker makes the central, overarching argument of their entire speech
thesis statement
187
earliest practices of speechmaking and storytelling by which societies shared and passed on histories, common sense, and culture
oral traditions
188
the belief that effective public speaking should only be formals, rational, emphasize western values, and be practiced almost exclusively by white men
dominant paradigm of public speaking
189
acknowledges that there are many speaking traditions and ways in which those traditions can be integrated or used independently in order to do effective and confident public speaking
multicultural paradigm of public speaking
190
socially created practices and values for understanding the world
cultures
191
an exercise of the human right to share ideas and opinions with others without interference from governments or other forms of authority
free expression
192
speech that advocates the use of force in a lawless and immediate way
incitement
193
a knowingly false statement made in public that harms the reputation of another person or entity
defamation
194
when defamation occurs in speech
slander
195
defamation that occurs in print or visual media
libel
196
speech that offends, threatens, or insults groups, based on race, color, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, disability, or other traits
hate speech
197
the personal and consistent principle that individuals use to determine what is good and bad
morals
198
socially defined expectation of good and bad behavior, which are almost always variable by context
ethics
199
a speaker who appeals to popular prejudices rather than reason and argument
demagogue
200
a world in which people are willing to believe only their own interpretation of the world, even when there are no facts to support that the world actually exists in that way
post-truth society
201
the various ways in which people's experiences in and understanding of the world are expressed in their sense of self and others
difference
202
a society constituted by many different kinds of people who believe many different kinds of things yet work in common cause and tolerance for the betterment of the community as a whole
pluralistic society
203
the belied that language and behaviors that offend marginalized communities in a given society should be curtailed and replaced with statements and acts that affirm these communities place in that society
political correctness
204
locations, places, and sites in the world in which individuals and communities can take refuge from opinions, expectations, and assumptions other people make about them
safe spaces
205
sites in which we emphasize the need for courage rather than the illusion of safety in public discourse
brave spaces
206
generalizing our experience, bias, stereotyping, ethnocentrism, speaking for others, only seeing one side of a person, defensive speaking and listening, disengagement
mistakes in speaking across difference
207
listen to criticism, admit mistakes, and grow, use inclusive language, speak for yourself and invite others to speak, take up less time and space, be open-minded, be self-reflective, ask questions but do your work first
strategies for speaking across difference
208
a common form of nervousness people feel before, during, and/or after speaking before groups of people in a public setting
public speaking anxiety (glossophobia)
209
a broad term for the many types of anxieties people have about communication in general
communication apprehension
210
produce anxiousness around general categories of human experience because of our distinct personalities or experiences
trait anxieties
211
anxiety about communication that is linked to a particular situation, circumstance or moment
state anxiety
212
an assessment of members of the audience's identities, interests, and beliefs that can help the speaker shape their message
audience analysis
213
a written document that asks the audience to provide the speaker with information about the audience's race, class, gender identity, sexual orientation, or other similar information
demographic survey
214
reaching out to the speech organizer and asking that person for their assessment of the likely makeup of the audience
informant survey
215
quickly judging based on what they can see what kinds of people are in the audience
visual survey
216
where the speaker asks the audience to raise their hand if they fall into a particular category or have had a particular experience
hand survey
217
a well-supported and well-reasoned assertation about the world as it is or should be
argument
218
a statement that conveys a person's sense of how the world is or how it should be
claim
219
a single, declarative sentence in which the speaker makes the central, overarching argument of their entire speech
thesis statement
220
the claims that undergird and support our thesis statement
main points
221
the smaller assertions we make about the world in support of our main points
sup-points
222
credible information about the world that can be used to support a claim
evidence
223
establishes meaning and interpretation of a term
definition
224
public statements made by a witness that describe an event, idea, or situation
testimony
225
scientifically significant sets of data on a subject of public concern
statistics
226
binding agreements and documents affirmed through the law or the word of another person
laws, contracts, and oaths
227
a story that sheds light on an issue or exemplifies a point
narratives
228
when the speaker presents their information in a clear and logical manner
logos
229
the credibility of a speaker, particularly their ethics, character, and experiences
ethos
230
the use of emotional appeals by the speaker
pathos
231
a form of reasoning that connects evidence to a claim
warrant
232
reasoning that uses a number of specific cases to draw a general conclusion or claim
induction
233
uses a general principle to reason what happened in a particular case
deduction
234
showing that a person, event, or object reasonably produced a change in the world
cause
235
a form of reasoning that works by identifying the same kind of relationship between multiple kinds of persons, objects, events, or items
analogy
236
pointing to something that signifies the presence of something else
sign
237
evidence that shows that the speaker's reasoning is credible, authoritative, and makes sense
backing
238
a statement of the degree to which the speaker is certain that a claim is true or valid
qualifier
239
a statement that acknowledges the circumstances under which the speaker's argument would no longer be valid
rebuttal
240
unreasonably structured arguments that seek to make poor arguments appear to be good arguments
logical fallacies
241
attacks a person instead of challenging the person's argument
ad hominem
242
claims that something should be done just because it is popular
bandwagon
243
a claim that a small and reasonable step will inevitably lead to the most severe and outlandish outcome
slippery slope
244
what-about-ism
speaker's attempts to avoid criticism by suggesting the critic is actually just as guilty or wrong as the speaker
245
present two options to the audience as their only possible choices when there are actually multiple choices
false dilemma
246
just because one event happened prior to another event, the first event must have caused the second event
false cause
247
pervert the logic of induction to advance an unethical claim
hasty generalization
248
the speaker introduces information or ideas into an argument to confuse or distract from the information that actually matters
red herring
249
a speaker intentionally mischaracterizes the position of their opponent and then attacks their opponent for that position
strawman
250
the act of considering, finding, and collecting ideas and evidence in support of claims about the world
research
251
research that is produced by professional scholars and published in peer-reviewed academic outlets
academic sources
252
ideas, reporting, and opinions from writers, critics, leaders, and community members that express their viewpoint or experience
non-academic sources
253
online research conducted through libraries and databases that are not accessible to the general public for free
restricted research
254
online and TV personalities that use the news to produce content to entertain, enrage, or work up audiences for profit
infotainment
255
taking another person's complete work and attempting to pass it off as your own
global plagarism
256
the taking of a short line or small amount of information from another person's work without proper citation
incremental plagiarism
257
the taking of statements or ideas from many different people's work and combining them into your own work without proper citation
patchwork plagiarism
258
the unauthorized reuse of ones own work in multiple places or publication outlets
self plagiarism
259
the inclusion and arrangement of key elements of a speech
organization
260
parts of a speech that do particular tasks and work together to achieve the goal of the speech
structures
261
the manner in which the component structures of a speech are arranged to achieve a particular speech's goal
order
262
it is said and then it disappears immediately, out of sight out of mind unless what we say leaves an impression
ephemeral
263
general rules about order that are shaped by human psychology and experience
ordering priniciples
264
whichever point or idea in your speech is the strongest or most important should go first
primacy principle
265
whichever point or idea in your speech is the strongest or most important should go last
recency principle
266
prefabricated methods of ordering points that are applied to the entirety of a speech
ordering patterns
267
ordering main points by time, step, or process
chronological pattern
268
ordering your main points by location, juxtaposition, or hierarchy
spatial pattern
269
ordering your main points as proceeding through a cycle or by returning to the beginning
circular pattern
270
ordering your main points as a story
narrative pattern
271
common lines of argument that a good speaker can go to that are applicable for almost any topic or subject matter
topoi
272
an outline that includes a complete accounting of all the information the speaker wants to provide in their speech in full and complete sentences
preparation outline
273
an abreviated version of the preparation outlune that includes key words, phrases, ideas, and evidence that can jog the speaker's mind
keyword outline
274
the ways in which the speaker uses language to advance their message
style
275
should be understood as one of the most prevalent symbolic systems human beings use to create and share meaning about their world, and ultimately to change it
language
276
written, spoken, or visual representations that stand in for or represent something else
symbols
277
one person uses a word (symbol) that represents a thought about a thing that exists in the world
semantic triangle of meaning
278
a style of speech in which the speaker uses simple words, basic sentence structure, and ample definitions in order to teach the audience about something they don't know
speaking for clarity
279
a speaking style that uses complex word play and ambiguity in order to give an audience a sense of joy
speaking for entertainment
280
a trope in which the speaker implies a meaning different or opposite of the literal meaning
irony
281
a style of speaking in which the speaker uses beautiful, poetic, and complex language in order to inspire the audience to action
speaking for eloquence
282
the repetition of particular wording across multiple, adjacent sentences
parallelism
283
the ways in which speakers use space to advance their speaking situation
proxemics
284
a relatively benign use of the hand to motion or signal that a point in the speech merits the audience's attention
emphatic gestures
285
the form of the gesture itself has a meaning that is distinct from the speaker's words
illustrative gestures
286
a wide array of artifacts and tools at the disposal of the speaker to aid them in amplifying the message of their speech
speaking aid
287
a speaking aid that appeals to the audience in visual forms in order to convey, emphasize, or amplify the verbal message of a speech
visual aid
288
software programs that gather, collect, and modify different kinds of visual information and mediums into a single stream for displaying to an audience
visual aggregation tools
289
speaking aids that rely on touch, textures, and the ability to encounter the authentic and genuine
hepatic aid
290
speaking aids that can be pointed to or invoked in the space a speech is delivered in
environmental aid
291
the form of speaking that empowers others to decide or act
informative speaking
292
the belief that speakers can address a topic without allowing their personal viewpoint and beliefs to shape or interfere with the information they provide an audience
objectivity
293
the mindul and thorough investigation of public problems and policy solutions through speech
deliberation
294
a form of communication that features spaces for citizens to come together, good and fair information to help structure the conversation, and skilled facilitators to guide the process
public deliberation
295
problems that have no technical solutions, primarily because they involve competing underlying values and paradoxes that require either tough choices between opposing goods or innovative ideas that can transcend the inherent tensions
wicked problems
296
a speech in which the speaker identifies a problem of a public concern and advocates a particular course of action to resolve or minimize that problem
policy speech
297
peoples tendency to take evidence that confirms their existing views at face value while being highly critical and suspicious of information that challenges their existing view of an issue
confirmation bias
298
the knee-jerk belief that the best policy is whatever policy is advocated for by those who share a political affiliation
partisanship
299
people process information about the world so that it confirms their own ideas about who they are
identity-protective cognition
300
people's psychological tendency to demand strict traditionalism, security, and limitations of permissiveness and change in the face of perceived risk to themselves and their values
authoritarian dynamic
301
correcting a person's misperceptions about a policy actually leads them to believe that misperception more deeply
backfire effect
302
using the audience's moral perspectives to persuade them to adopt a different policy position
moral reframing
303
speaker aims two contrasting policies against each other
comparative advantage
304
attention step, need step, satisfaction step, visualization step, action step
monroe's motivated sequence
305
questions with assumptions already built into the question
loaded question
306
a speech that praises a person or action as exemplary of a community value
commemorative speech
307
an address in which the speaker sets out a particular admirable belief as meriting adoption by the audience
speech of value
